How to Read Russian Hallmarks on Silver and Gold: Imperial, Soviet and Modern Marks

Russian silver and gold carry a small set of stamps. Together they give the purity, often the assay district and, on pieces from the 1800s, sometimes the year. The set was redesigned in 1899, 1908, 1927, 1958 and 1994. This guide shows what each design looks like, what the zolotnik numbers (84, 88, 56) mean, and how to tell the 1908 stamp from the current one. A tool then matches what you see to an era and says how sure it is. Every date below traces to a source we opened.

By The Mark Index EditorsSources checked November 3, 202631 sources · 2 printablesCC BY 4.0

Simplified pictograms drawn in code, not photographs and not copies of any museum image: the six stamp designs this guide covers, from city arms to today. Real stamps vary in outline, size and detail, and the numbers and letters in the drawings are examples.

No ads · No sign-up

Free to copy, print and adapt under CC BY 4.0: just credit The Mark Index. No advertising, no affiliate links, no email wall on the printables, and nothing you enter in the tool leaves your browser. We never put values on anything.

The short version

Read four things on the stamp: the picture, the number, the letter beside it and any year. A two-digit number such as 84 or 88 counts zolotniks (84 of 96 parts pure, or 875 per thousand) and belongs to the years before 1927.^[1] A woman’s head in a kokoshnik facing left points to 1899 to 1908, and facing right with a Greek letter to 1908 to 1926.^[2] A worker’s head with a hammer is early Soviet (1927 to 1958), and a star with a hammer and sickle is 1958 to 1994.^[2] The current Russian stamp is a kokoshnik facing right again, so look at the number: three digits such as 925 and a Russian capital letter mean it is modern.^[3][4] Never decide from one mark.

Which era does my stamp fit?

Describe what you can see and skip the rest. The tool compares your answers with the documented pattern of each era and shows which fit best, with a plain label for how well. It cannot authenticate a stamp, name a maker or value a piece, and nothing you pick leaves your browser.

Era finder

Five questions, none required. Pick what you can see and leave the rest. The shortlist updates as you go.

0 of 5 answered

The interactive tool needs JavaScript. You can still read the six eras table or print the field card.

Pick an answer to startShortlist

How the tool decides: each answer adds or subtracts points for each era, using the clues cited in this guide. Labels run from “Strong match” to “Unlikely.” None of them means “genuine.”

Zolotnik, metric and karat converter

Type the number from the stamp and say what kind it is. Zolotniks are counted out of 96; metric fineness is parts per 1,000; karats are out of 24.

NumberIt is a

Six eras at a glance

Each design was struck on gold and silver for a stretch of years. The bars show those stretches as the cited sources give them. The stamp tells you when a design was in use, not when your piece was made.

City arms and assay master1741 to 1898^[2]
Kokoshnik facing left1899 to 1908^[2]
Kokoshnik facing right, Greek letter1908 to 1926^[2]
Worker's head with hammer1927 to 1958^[2]
Hammer and sickle on a star1958 to 1994, in circulation to 2002^[2]
Russian Federation kokoshnik1994 to today^[2][4]

Dashed bar: stock stamped with the star design could stay in circulation until 2002. The bars show when a design was struck, not when a piece was made.

Years	Main picture	Number	Letter or initials	Also worth knowing
1741 to 1898	City arms in a shield. Moscow’s is St. George.^[2]	Two-digit zolotnik number^[5]	The assay master’s two initials, often with a year^[5]	The maker’s own mark, struck before the assay^[2]
1899 to 1908	A woman’s head in a kokoshnik, facing left^[2]	Zolotnik number^[2]	Initials of the district’s assay manager^[2]	Maker’s mark in Cyrillic; sometimes a court-supplier eagle^[6]
1908 to 1926	The head turns to face right^[2]	Zolotnik number^[2]	A Greek letter for the district: Δ Moscow, α St. Petersburg^[7][8]	A small round control stamp on detachable parts^[9]
1927 to 1958	A worker’s head with a hammer^[2]	Metric number, three digits^[1]	An office code; Russian Wikipedia says Greek letters^[10]	Platinum was hallmarked from 1927^[2]
1958 to 1994	A hammer and sickle on a five-pointed star^[2]	Metric number, three digits^[1]	A Russian capital letter for the inspection^[2]	Stock stamped this way could stay in circulation until 2002^[2]
1994 to today	A woman’s head in a kokoshnik, facing right^[3]	Metric number, three digits^[3]	A Russian capital letter for the regional office^[4]	The maker’s registered mark; since 2025 a laser code can join the stamp^[3][4]

Dates are the years each design was in use according to the Federal Assay Chamber’s own history page.^[2] Museum catalogs often write 1908 to 1917 for the right-facing head, which fits the Imperial years, and one Hillwood record gives its marks as 1908 to 1927.^[9][11] When you cite a date, say which source you used.

Reading a stamp: the five parts

Most Russian pieces carry several small stamps, struck at different steps. Learn what each part is for and the page becomes easier to use.

The fineness number
It counts pure metal. Before 1927 it was in zolotniks (84, 88, 56). After, it is parts per thousand (875, 925, 585). It is a purity, never a year.^[1]
The state or assay picture
City arms until 1898, then one national design: the kokoshnik head. Today the Assay Chamber says this stamp confirms that the fineness is at least the number shown.^[2][3]
The district or office mark
Initials of the assay manager (1899 to 1908), a Greek letter (1908 to 1926) or a Russian capital letter (1958 on). It points to a place, not a maker.^[1][2]
The maker’s mark
Cyrillic initials or a name. Until 1898 it was struck before the piece went to the assayer, and it could carry the double-headed eagle for a court supplier.^[2]
A year, rarely
Pieces from the 1800s can show a year with the assay master’s initials.^[5] None of the museum records we opened for the 1899 to 1926 designs lists a year, so the design itself dates the piece.^[6][7][9]

The 1908 to 1926 stamp, simplified: a Greek letter for the district, the kokoshnik head facing right and a zolotnik number.^[2]

The current stamp, simplified: a Russian capital letter for the regional office, the head, and a number in thousandths.^[4]

The zolotnik standard: why 84 means 875

Before 1927, Russian fineness was counted in zolotniks. The zolotnik is an old unit of weight, about 4.27 grams, and 96 of them make one Russian pound. A stamp of 84 means 84 of every 96 weight parts are pure metal.^[1][12] Divide by 96 and multiply by 1,000 to get the metric number.^[10]

84 zolotniks of 96 parts: 84 ÷ 96 = 0.875, stamped 875 in the metric system.

Zolotnik number	Exact, per 1,000	Soviet metric label	Karat (gold)	Where the sources place it
96	1,000	1000	24	Pure metal.^[10]
92	958.3	958	23	Gold, used for wedding rings in the Soviet table.^[1]
91	947.9	not in the Soviet table	–	Listed in the zolotnik conversions of Russian Wikipedia.^[10]
88	916.7	916	22	Silver for filigree and enamel in the Soviet table; found on Fabergé pieces in the Hillwood records.^[1][7]
84	875.0	875	21	Silver. The Soviet table calls 875 the most common Soviet silver; museum records show 84 on Moscow pieces.^[1][13]
72	750.0	750	18	Gold jewelry in the Soviet table.^[1]
56	583.3	583	14	Gold jewelry in the Soviet table.^[1]

The number is not the metal

875 and 916 appear on the Assay Chamber’s current gold list, and 875 is also on its silver list.^[2] Decide the metal from the object first. Our purity mark decoder handles single numbers across countries.

583 and 585 are different standards

583 is the Soviet metric label for 56 zolotniks.^[1] GOST 6835-80 lists a 583 grade and no 585 grade.^[14] The 1992 Russian decree lists 585, and allows 583 only for orders from citizens made from their own 583 gold items.^[15] The Assay Chamber’s current list includes both.^[2]

Imperial marks before 1899: arms, assayer, maker, number

The official start of Russian assay supervision is a decree of Peter I read on February 13, 1700. Silver was already stamped in Moscow’s Silver Row in the 1600s, but that stamp only showed the silver was at least as good as a sample, not what its fineness was.^[2]

From 1741 each city used its own assay mark showing its coat of arms. Moscow’s was St. George. A year stamp also became mandatory.^[2] A piece from the 1800s can carry four kinds of stamp, put on at different steps.

Schematic layout, not a real set of stamps. Box 3 follows the pattern of the Dorpat milk jug of 1849 in the Kremlin Museums paper, whose assay master’s stamp reads E.B./1849.^[5]

The maker’s mark
From 1700 it was the first two or three letters of the maker’s first name and surname, struck before the piece went to the state assayer. Court suppliers could add the double-headed eagle.^[2]
The city mark
The town’s arms. Examples in the Kremlin Museums paper: a wall with towers and a gate for Riga (1843 to 1896), a galley in a keel-shaped shield for Kostroma, and a rider over a bison for Grodno.^[5]
The assay master’s mark
Two initials, with a year in the 1800s examples, such as Е.Б./1849 on a milk jug assayed in Dorpat.^[5]
The fineness
A two-digit number in zolotniks, struck alongside the other marks.^[5]

Why one mark can mislead

A 2022 paper by a researcher at the Moscow Kremlin Museums corrected the catalog entries of several museum pieces by reading the assay master’s initials against archive records. A candlestick catalogued as Vilnius, 1846, was made in Grodno: its city mark showed a rider with an animal below, which matches Grodno’s arms, and its initials were those of an assay master posted to Grodno. A milk jug catalogued as Kostroma, 1845, was made in Riga: its stamp Л.Ш. was Leopold Schlitter’s, an assay controller who had been transferred from Odessa to Riga in 1844.^[5] Assay masters moved between towns, so the same initials can turn up in different cities.

Initials can also repeat across time. Two different Moscow assay masters stamped “А • К”: A. A. Kovalsky, who worked from 1821 to 1856, and a man active from 1879 to 1884.^[16] Published lists of Moscow assay masters for the second half of the 1800s also disagree about their years of service.^[17] Treat any single date range as approximate.

1899 to 1908: the kokoshnik faces left

From January 1, 1899 one design replaced the city arms across the empire: a woman’s head in profile, wearing a kokoshnik, facing left.^[2][10] The Assay Chamber says it was chosen partly because a human face is hard to forge, a lesson it credits to French goldsmiths, and partly because Russian national styles were in fashion.^[2] A kokoshnik is a traditional Russian woman’s headdress.^[18]

The stamp carried the zolotnik number and the initials of the head of the assay district. The Assay Chamber gives three examples: the Kostroma district, A. Solodilov, 1899 to 1905; St. Petersburg, Yakov Lyapunov, 1899 to 1903; and the Don district, Fedor Konovalov, 1899 to 1908.^[2]

What museums record on real pieces

A Fabergé kovsh made in St. Petersburg in 1899 to 1908 has the head facing left, 88 and “Ia. L.” for the assay master Iakov Lyapunov (spelled Lapunov in the record), beside Fabergé’s name in Cyrillic with the double-headed eagle and the workmaster’s initials “AN”.^[6]
A Moscow Fabergé kovsh of 1899 to 1908 has 88, the head facing left and “I.L.” in Cyrillic for the assayer Ivan Sergeyevich Lebedkin.^[19]
A Moscow champagne cooler of the same years has 84 and the initials ИЛ for the manager I. Lebedkin, plus a certification mark in a circle.^[13]

Read the initials as the district’s, not the maker’s

They name the assay manager. Start and end years for one person vary: a Spink lot title gives Lebedkin as about 1898 to 1910, while the museum records above give 1899 to 1908.^[13][20] Some dealer pages date the left-facing head from 1896; the Assay Chamber’s examples and the museum records start in 1899.^[2][18]

1908 to 1926: the head turns right and a Greek letter appears

In 1908 the head was turned to face right. A letter of the Greek alphabet for the assay district replaced the manager’s initials, and the zolotnik number stayed.^[2]

Two letters are well documented in the museum records we opened. Delta (Δ) is Moscow. Hillwood’s Fabergé kovsh made in Moscow records 88, a kokoshnik facing right and delta, and a Moscow piece in the Museum Collection catalogue has the head, 84 and delta as one triple stamp. A third Moscow record calls the Greek letter delta the identification mark of the district assay office.^[7][9][21] Alpha (α) is St. Petersburg. Hillwood’s lipstick holder made there has 88, the head facing right and alpha.^[8]

Detachable parts, such as lids and mounts, got a second stamp: a small round mark showing the head facing right with a dot behind the neck. The Museum Collection catalogue calls it a validation mark for parts.^[9][22]

We list only the two letters we could confirm

One collector’s table gives Greek letters for eleven districts.^[18] We could confirm only alpha and delta in museum records, so we do not repeat the rest. For another district, use a specialist reference or a dated museum record, and do not name a city from a letter alone.

Dates for this design differ by source

The Assay Chamber gives 1908 to 1926.^[2] Museum catalogs often write 1908 to 1917, the Imperial years. A Hillwood record dates one piece 1908 to 1917 and gives the right-facing mark as 1908 to 1927.^[11] The page’s tool uses 1908 to 1926 and says so.

The lookalike problem

The head faces right again on the stamp used from 1994. The Assay Chamber says the 1908 change made the stamp look very like the modern one.^[2] The number and the letter settle it.

Simplified. The 1908 to 1926 stamp has a two-digit zolotnik number and a Greek letter; the current stamp has a three-digit number and a Russian capital letter.^[2][4]

Soviet marks: the worker’s head and the star

The Soviet Union adopted the metric system of fineness in 1927; the Great Soviet Encyclopedia gives November 15, 1927.^[1] That year it also began hallmarking platinum, and the stamp became the head of a worker with a hammer, used from 1927 to 1958.^[2] Russian Wikipedia says the office code in these years was a Greek letter.^[10]

From June 1, 1958 the stamp was a raised hammer and sickle on a five-pointed star, with a letter of the Russian alphabet for the inspection. The shield around it varied with the metal, and later dies cut the outline into the surface instead of raising it.^[2] The Great Soviet Encyclopedia describes the stamp as three elements: the emblem, a three-digit metric number and a letter code for the inspection.^[1] The design stayed in use until 1994, and stock stamped with it could stay in circulation until 2002.^[2]

Fineness standards in the Soviet table

Metal	Metric number	Main use named in the table
Gold	958, 750, 583	958 for wedding rings; 750 and 583 for jewelry.^[1]
Gold, lower	500, 375	Jewelry, and 375 for watch cases. The table notes these alloys were used in large quantities in 1941 to 1945.^[1]
Silver	960, 925, 916	960 for fine filigree; 925 for table settings; 916 for filigree and enamel.^[1]
Silver, common	875, 800, 750	875 for jewelry and household items, noted as the most common alloy in the USSR; 800, noted as the most common in Western Europe; 750 for small haberdashery.^[1]

The Soviet standard for silver alloys, GOST 6836-80, lists grades with the same numbers, including 960, 925, 916, 875 and 800.^[23]

This page cannot decode Soviet inspection letters

None of the official or museum sources we opened gives a table of Soviet inspection letters, so we do not offer one. Do not name a city from a single Soviet letter without a published reference.

Russian Federation marks, 1994 to today

A presidential decree of October 2, 1992 set new fineness standards and rules for hallmarking, but new stamps only came into use from 1994.^[2] The current state hallmark shows a woman’s head in a kokoshnik, the fineness in thousandths and a letter for the regional office of the Federal Assay Chamber.^[3]

Three differences from 1908

The number has three digits, not 84 or 88. The letter is a Russian capital, not Greek. The letter comes from the code list in the Assay Chamber’s order, not from a district initial.^[2][4]

Current fineness lists

Gold: 333, 375, 500, 583, 585, 750, 875, 916, 958, 999. Silver: 800, 830, 875, 925, 960, 999. Platinum: 585, 850, 900, 950. Palladium: 500, 850.^[2]

The Assay Chamber started a compact hallmark for small items in 2024.^[2] An order in force from March 1, 2025 sets the elements of the mechanical “type B” stamp: the head facing right or three-quarter, the fineness, the office letter and a two-dimensional code, applied by laser only.^[4] Code marking directly on jewelry has been required since March 1, 2024.^[3]

The 19 office letters in the 2025 order

The order lists these codes for the Chamber’s regional offices and their units. Codes can change by later order, so check the Chamber’s site before relying on a letter.^[4]

ВKrasnoye-na-Volge
МMoscow
БBronnitsy
ОOryol
ГNizhny Novgorod
ПUfa
РSaratov
ЯKrasnoyarsk
НNovosibirsk
ЮKhabarovsk
ЖUlan-Ude
ДYakutsk
КRostov-on-Don
ТSimferopol
АDonetsk
ФKaliningrad
ЛSt. Petersburg
ЗMakhachkala
СYekaterinburg

The maker’s mark and the silver exception

Every Russian-made jewelry item must carry its maker’s registered mark, called an imennik. It encodes the year, the registering assay office and the maker, and no two makers share one.^[3] Russian-made silver may be sold with only the maker’s mark and no state stamp.^[3] So a modern Russian silver piece with no state hallmark is not automatically suspect, and one with a head stamp is not automatically antique.

What the stamp promises is narrow: that the fineness is at least the number shown. It does not say the color, the age or the maker.^[3]

Maker’s marks and the Cyrillic you will meet

Maker’s marks come in many forms. Museum records transcribe full firm names, initials and workshop marks side by side with the state stamps.

As transcribed	What it is	Where it is recorded
О.КУРЛЮКОВЪ	The firm O. Kurlyukov, full name in old spelling, with a final hard sign	Moscow, 1908 to 1917 (Museum Collection)^[9]
Ф.А.ЛОРІЕ	The firm F. A. Lorié, with the old letter І; the workshop mark Е.Ч sits beside it	Moscow, 1908 to 1917 (Museum Collection)^[22]
К. ФАБЕРЖЕ	Fabergé’s name in Cyrillic, with the double-headed eagle of an Imperial court supplier	Moscow, 1908 to 1917 (Museum Collection)^[24]
В.Т.С.	A workshop mark of three initials	Sokolov workshop, Moscow, 1899 to 1908 (Museum Collection)^[13]

Old spelling is a clue, not a date

The orthographic reform of 1917 to 1918 eliminated the letters І, Ѣ, Ѳ and Ѵ and dropped the hard sign at the end of words.^[25][26][27] A name such as КУРЛЮКОВЪ or ЛОРІЕ therefore fits lettering from before 1918. It is only a clue: some brands use the final hard sign today for a period feel.^[27]

Cyrillic letters that look Latin

Initials are easier to read when you know which letters only look familiar. The sound column follows the Library of Congress romanization table.^[25]

Cyrillic	Looks like	Romanized as
В	Latin B	V
Н	Latin H	N
Р	Latin P	R
С	Latin C	S
У	Latin Y	U
Х	Latin X	Kh
И	a reversed Latin N	I
Ъ	a hard sign, often at the end of an old word	ʺ (hard sign)

Two standard references, cited by the museum and journal papers we opened, are Postnikova-Loseva, Platonova and Ulyanova, Gold and Silver Work of the 15th to 20th Centuries (Moscow, 1995), and A. N. Ivanov, Assay Affairs in Russia, 1700 to 1946 (Russian National Museum, 2002).^[5][17] We did not open either book.

Fakes and look-alikes: warning signs

Forged marks are as old as the system. Research on 1895 to 1896 stamps says false hallmarks existed from the start, because makers tried to avoid the duty, and that penalties for forging them were severe.^[28] Today, fakes copy Imperial stamps.^[29] No checklist settles it, but these signs raise the question.

The marks disagree with each other.
One collector society article describes a piece with the mark of the Fabergé workmaster Mikhail Perchin, who died in 1903, beside a Moscow assay mark for 1908 to 1917. The stamps cannot both be right.^[30]
A year that does not fit the town.
A collector’s example: the stamp of an assay master with the initials “А К”, active from 1827 to 1856, sat beside a St. George mark of 1891 to 1896. The two do not cohere. The collector calls his judgments personal, not expert.^[29]
The right-facing head with the wrong number.
A two-digit number with a Russian letter, or a three-digit number with a Greek letter, is not how either the 1908 or the current stamp looks.^[2][4]
A star on an “Imperial” piece.
The star mark began on June 1, 1958. It cannot belong on a piece sold as Fabergé or Tsarist.^[2]
Three kinds of fake.
The same collector groups them as entirely new pieces, authentic Russian silver “upgraded” with a famous name, and European silver with its old marks erased and Russian marks struck over them. He says the fakes come mostly from Eastern European workshops and often carry a kokoshnik or a St. George mark.^[29]
Too crisp for its age.
The same collector’s rule of thumb: marks on a piece 100 years old should look worn, and crisp ones may mean a modern copy. He offers it as a collector’s judgment, not an expert opinion.^[29]

What experts compare

After the St. Petersburg Mint was set up, all assay punches were made there and sent out to the assay offices. A 2019 study of 1895 to 1896 Moscow, St. Petersburg and Kiev assay stamps found the same digit shapes and letter sizes across different assay masters’ stamps, and proposed this as evidence of authenticity.^[28] That is lab work with comparison material, not something to judge by eye at a sale.

If a modern Russian hallmark on jewelry is damaged or in doubt, the Assay Chamber’s regional offices can examine it for authenticity and fineness.^[3] For an old piece, ask a specialist in Russian silver or the silver department of an auction house, and say “consistent with” rather than “is” until you have.

Compared with British and purity marks

If you know British hallmarks, expect a different logic. A British hallmark is a set of punches, and until 1999 the annual date letter was compulsory; it has been optional since.^[31] Most Russian stamps from 1899 on do not date a piece to a year. They tell you when a design was in use.

How to read British silver hallmarksSponsor, fineness and office marks, and how to read a date letter.
Purity mark decoderType 925, 800, 84, 14K or 750 and see what it means, with sources.
Silver purity numbers explainedWhat 925, 900, 835 and 800 mean on silver.

Printable field card and record sheet

Two US Letter PDFs for the dealer table, the estate sale or the classroom. Free to print and share under CC BY 4.0.

Where to read more and compare

These are the sources that did the most for this page. Collection records show how museums transcribe real marks, which is the fastest way to learn the patterns. We do not value pieces; for that, see how to choose a qualified appraiser.

Federal Assay Chamber of RussiaThe state body for hallmarking. Its history page and FAQ (in Russian) are the base of this guide.^[2][3]probpalata.gov.ru
Hillwood Estate, Museum & GardensA museum whose collection records transcribe Fabergé and other Russian silver marks, including the kokoshnik direction and district letters.^[7][8]hillwoodmuseum.org
Museum Collection, MoscowAn online catalogue of a private Moscow museum. Its Russian metal records describe each stamp, such as a Moscow triple hallmark with a delta.^[9]mus-col.com
Moscow Kremlin MuseumsPublishes research on assay marks; a 2022 paper corrected catalog attributions by reading assay masters’ initials.^[5]kreml.ru
Association of Small Collectors of Antique SilverA collector association with articles on hallmarks, including one on Fabergé fakes.^[30]ascasonline.org
Library of Congress romanization tablesThe Russian table used for the Cyrillic letters on this page.^[25]loc.gov

For teachers, librarians and site owners

This guide and both printables are licensed CC BY 4.0. Link to it, print the field card, put it in a research guide, a class packet or a club newsletter; just credit The Mark Index. There are no ads and nothing to sign up for. Last checked November 3, 2026. Found an error or a better source? Tell us.

Chicago: The Mark Index Editors. “How to Read Russian Hallmarks on Silver and Gold: Imperial, Soviet and Modern Marks.” The Mark Index. Last checked November 3, 2026. https://themarkindex.com/russian-hallmarks/.
MLA: “How to Read Russian Hallmarks on Silver and Gold: Imperial, Soviet and Modern Marks.” The Mark Index, 3 Nov. 2026, themarkindex.com/russian-hallmarks/.
APA: The Mark Index Editors. (2026, November 3). How to read Russian hallmarks on silver and gold: Imperial, Soviet and modern marks. The Mark Index. https://themarkindex.com/russian-hallmarks/
Link HTML: <a href="https://themarkindex.com/russian-hallmarks/">How to Read Russian Hallmarks on Silver and Gold: Imperial, Soviet and Modern Marks</a> (The Mark Index, CC BY 4.0)

Кратко по-русски

Шесть периодов клеймения золота и серебра в России. Официальный источник по современным клеймам: история пробирного надзора на сайте Федеральной пробирной палаты.^[2]

1741–1898. Гербовое клеймо города (в Москве — Георгий Победоносец), клеймо пробирного мастера (инициалы, нередко с годом), именник мастера, проба в золотниках.^[2][5]
1899–1908. Женская голова в кокошнике, обращённая влево; инициалы управляющего пробирным округом; проба в золотниках (84 золотника = 875).^[2][10]
1908–1926. Голова обращена вправо; буква греческого алфавита обозначает округ (Δ — Москва, Α — Санкт-Петербург); проба по-прежнему в золотниках.^[2][7][8]
1927–1958. Голова рабочего с молотом; метрическая проба (в СССР с 15 ноября 1927 года).^[1][2]
1958–1994. Серп и молот на фоне пятиконечной звезды, трёхзначная метрическая проба, буква инспекции; изделия с этим клеймом могли находиться в обороте до 2002 года.^[1][2]
С 1994 года. Голова в кокошнике, обращённая вправо, проба в тысячных долях и буква территориального органа Федеральной пробирной палаты.^[3][4]

How we built this page

We opened every source listed below on November 3, 2026 and wrote each claim from what the source says. Where sources disagree, the page says so instead of picking one. The tool’s weights are our editorial reading of those clues, not a trained model, and the tool says “fits” because that is all a checklist can honestly say.

Several sources do not open for automated reading: the online Encyclopedia of Silver Marks at 925-1000.com, the Royal Collection Trust, the Museum of Fine Arts Boston and the Walters Art Museum returned errors to our requests, and the Internet Archive blocked automated requests. We did not cite them. The Museum Collection records are from a private museum’s online catalogue in Moscow; we used them only for the marks they transcribe. The artwork is drawn in code: there are no photographs of real marks and no AI images on this page.

Sources

General information to help you identify marks. It is not an appraisal, an authentication, a legal opinion on buying, selling or exporting antiques, or a guarantee that a stamp is genuine. We never put values on anything.