The Mark Index

Costume Jewelry Marks: Identify and Date Signed Vintage Jewelry

A mark on the back of a brooch or clasp can usually date a piece of signed costume jewelry to a span of years, and often closer when two or three clues line up: the maker’s mark, a copyright symbol, a country word, a patent number. Below are the marks of 30 makers written out in words, with the years each was used, a tool that combines the clues, and a patent-number converter. Every date is traced to collector-society research, USPTO trademark and patent records, a 1955 court opinion and government records.

By The Mark Index EditorsSources checked October 6, 202630 makers · 197 marks · 136 sourcesCC BY 4.0
AI illustration: unsigned vintage-style costume jewelry, rhinestone and pearl brooches, a gold-tone chain and faux pearls, on a wooden workbench beside a brass jeweler’s loupe

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The short version

Read every mark on the back, not just the name. A © beside the maker’s name usually means the mid-1950s or later: Trifari was stamping a copyright sign on every piece by 1954 to 1955, won its copyright case against Charel in 1955, and most of the industry switched from design patents to copyright.[1][2][3] The maker’s mark gives a span: plain TRIFARI was claimed in use from December 20, 1937, and a Pegasus beside Coro Craft points to March 1938 or later.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26][32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42] Add any country word or patent number, and the narrowest limits win.

Three rules before you trust a jewelry mark

  1. No mark proves nothing. DeLizza & Elster’s Juliana jewelry was normally unmarked, with the name only on paper hang tags, and Sarah Coventry jewelry made before 1956 is generally unsigned.[48][49][50][51][104][125][126]
  2. A mark gives a span, not a year. Trifari’s crown over the T ran from 1937 into the 1970s, and a crown without a © can still be 1960s work, so the crown alone doesn’t mean a piece is older than 1955.[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
  3. The small details carry the date. A © added after the name, the periods in K.J.L., a Pegasus beside Coro Craft, Boucher’s MB under a cap: each one moves the range.[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42][63][68][69][70][71][72][73][74][78][79][80][81]

Where to look and how to write it down

Where to look
Check the back of a brooch, the clasp or a small plaque on a necklace or bracelet, and the clips of earrings. The piece in the 1955 Trifari case carried its © notice on the clasp; Schiaparelli earrings of the 1950s were usually marked on the clip backs while matching brooches and necklaces were often unsigned.[1][2][3][65][66][67]
Copy it exactly
Write down capitals, periods, accents and symbols as you see them. K.J.L. with periods marks Kenneth Jay Lane’s early work and KJL with a © later production; an accented Monét is the early form of the Monet mark.[27][28][29][30][31][63][74][78][79][80][81]
Read the numbers carefully
A number can be a design patent, a utility patent or a maker’s own inventory number. Most Boucher pieces carry a stamped inventory number, which is not a patent. Use the converter only for numbers marked Pat. or Des.[63][68][69][70][71][72][73]

Narrow the date

Pick everything you can read on the piece: a notice, a country word, the maker’s mark. The tool combines the ranges and shows which clue sets each limit. Only clues and marks with at least two independent sources are included.

Notice or metal stamp
Country word
Maker’s mark pick one

A tool can’t see a reissue or a reused design. A maker’s mark dates the mark, and a notice dates the design; the piece itself may be later.

Patent number to year

Type a patent number from the back of the piece. Design patents (“Des.” or “D”) and utility patents are numbered separately, so pick the kind. The answer is the year the patent issued, from the USPTO’s table of first numbers by year, 1920 to 1984.[134][135] It dates the design or mechanism, not the piece. “Pat. Pend.” has no number to look up. More in our guide to patent numbers and “Pat. Pend.” as dating tools.

Type the number as it appears, with or without commas.

The one-page cheat sheet

Every two-sourced mark and clue on one sheet of paper, with the reading rules. Print it for a show, a club meeting, a classroom or a reference desk.

Download the PDFOpen to print

Attribution line: “Costume Jewelry Marks” by The Mark Index (https://themarkindex.com/costume-jewelry-marks/), licensed under CC BY 4.0.

Costume jewelry marks and clues at a glance

“About” marks a soft limit. The superscript numbers lead to the sources; “Maker” leads to the full entry in the maker table.

Mark or clueDate rangeMaker or what it tells youSources
Clues that are not a maker’s name
Copyright symbol © (or COPR) in the markMostly mid-1950s on; dated Hollycraft notices from 1950Trifari was stamping a copyright sign on every piece by 1954 to 1955 and won its copyright case against Charel in 1955; most of the industry then moved from design patents to copyright.Details [1][2][3]
Registered symbol ® beside a US maker’s name1947 on (US trademark law)The Trademark Act of 1946 (Lanham Act) let a registrant give notice with the letter R in a circle, ®, as well as "Reg.Details [4][5][6]
STERLING on a costume pieceNo firm limit; widely used in the 1940sDuring World War II costume makers could not use white metal, because lead and tin went to armaments, so sterling silver was widely used for costume jewelry, cast and die-struck.Details [7][8][9]
WEST GERMANY or W. GERMANY1949 to 1990 (stock could ship a little later)West Germany, the Federal Republic, was formed in 1949; Germany reunified on Oct.Details [10][11][12]
CZECHOSLOVAKIA1918 to 1992Czechoslovakia declared independence on Oct.Details [13][14]
OCCUPIED JAPAN or MADE IN OCCUPIED JAPAN1945 to 1952The Allied occupation of Japan ran from the surrender in September 1945 to April 28, 1952.Details [15][16]
HONG KONG or MADE IN HONG KONGBefore late 2020 for US importsHong Kong goods entered into the US after Sept.Details [17][18]
Maker’s marks with two independent sources
TK in a circle (block letters)about 1918 to about 1925Trifari (Trifari, Krussman & Fishel, Inc.)Maker [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
KTF (also read as TKF)about 1935 to about 1939Trifari (Trifari, Krussman & Fishel, Inc.)Maker [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
TRIFARI (name alone, elongated letters)1937 onTrifari (Trifari, Krussman & Fishel, Inc.)Maker [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
TRIFARI with a crown over the T1937 to about 1977Trifari (Trifari, Krussman & Fishel, Inc.)Maker [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
TRIFARI PAT. PEND. with a crown over the T (also DESIGN PAT PEND on earring clips)about 1937 to about 1955Trifari (Trifari, Krussman & Fishel, Inc.)Maker [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
TRIFARI STERLING (crown over the T)1942 to 1947Trifari (Trifari, Krussman & Fishel, Inc.)Maker [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
TRIFARI with crown over the T and the copyright symbol ©1955 onTrifari (Trifari, Krussman & Fishel, Inc.)Maker [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
TRIFARI in cursive lettering inside a circle, with ©about 1977 to about 1989Trifari (Trifari, Krussman & Fishel, Inc.)Maker [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
TRIFARI TM on a raised rectangular cartoucheabout 1985 to about 1999Trifari (Trifari, Krussman & Fishel, Inc.)Maker [19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
MONOCRAFT (block letters)1927 to about 1937Monet (Monocraft Products Co., Inc.)Maker [27][28][29][30][31]
MONET1937 onMonet (Monocraft Products Co., Inc.)Maker [27][28][29][30][31]
MONET with the copyright symbol ©about 1955 onMonet (Monocraft Products Co., Inc.)Maker [27][28][29][30][31]
Coro (script, at an angle)1919 to about 1979Coro (Cohn & Rosenberger, Inc.; Coro, Inc. from 1943)Maker [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]
C and Rabout 1922 onCoro (Cohn & Rosenberger, Inc.; Coro, Inc. from 1943)Maker [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]
Coro Craft / Corocraft (Coro in script, CRAFT in print or script)about 1938 to about 1979Coro (Cohn & Rosenberger, Inc.; Coro, Inc. from 1943)Maker [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]
Pegasus (flying horse) beside Coro Craft / Corocraft in a rectangle1938 onCoro (Cohn & Rosenberger, Inc.; Coro, Inc. from 1943)Maker [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]
Coro (script at an angle in a rectangle) with Pegasus beside1945 onCoro (Cohn & Rosenberger, Inc.; Coro, Inc. from 1943)Maker [32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]
NAPIER (block letters)1922 onThe Napier Co. (earlier The E. A. Bliss Co.; The Napier-Bliss Co.)Maker [43][44][45][46][47]
Napier (script, Mistral font)1965 onThe Napier Co. (earlier The E. A. Bliss Co.; The Napier-Bliss Co.)Maker [43][44][45][46][47]
SCabout 1956 onSarah Coventry, Inc. (C. H. Stuart Company)Maker [48][49][50][51]
Eisenberg Original (script)about 1935 to about 1945Eisenberg & Sons (Eisenberg Jewelry)Maker [52][53][54][55][56]
Eisenberg Original Sterling / Eisenberg Sterling1943 to about 1948Eisenberg & Sons (Eisenberg Jewelry)Maker [52][53][54][55][56]
E (script or block letter)about 1942 to about 1945Eisenberg & Sons (Eisenberg Jewelry)Maker [52][53][54][55][56]
EISENBERG (block letters, no ©)about 1945 to about 1958Eisenberg & Sons (Eisenberg Jewelry)Maker [52][53][54][55][56]
EISENBERG with the copyright symbol ©about 1955 onEisenberg & Sons (Eisenberg Jewelry)Maker [52][53][54][55][56]
Kramer1943 to about 1980Kramer Jewelry Creations, Inc. (Kramer of New York)Maker [57][58][59][60]
Christian Dior by Kramer (also Dior by Kramer, Kramer for Dior)about 1950 to about 1969Kramer Jewelry Creations, Inc. (Kramer of New York)Maker [57][58][59][60]
Hobé with a copyright symbol1958 to about 1983Hobé Cie Ltd. (US)Maker [61][62][63][64]
Schiaparelli in script1949 to about 1959Elsa Schiaparelli (Paris house); licensed US jewelry through Schiaparelli Jewels, New YorkMaker [65][66][67]
MB below a French Phrygian cap1937 to about 1949Marcel Boucher Ltd. / Marcel Boucher et CieMaker [63][68][69][70][71][72][73]
Boucher with a copyright symbol before the name1955 to about 1972Marcel Boucher Ltd. / Marcel Boucher et CieMaker [63][68][69][70][71][72][73]
Marboux (lower-priced line)about 1955 onMarcel Boucher Ltd. / Marcel Boucher et CieMaker [63][68][69][70][71][72][73]
K.J.L. for AVON1986 to about 2005Avon Products, Inc. (formerly California Perfume Company)Maker [73][74]
Barrera for AVON (Jose and Maria Barrera)1989 to 1996Avon Products, Inc. (formerly California Perfume Company)Maker [73][74]
Elizabeth Taylor for Avon1993 to 1997Avon Products, Inc. (formerly California Perfume Company)Maker [73][74]
Emmonsabout 1949 to 1981Emmons Jewelers, Inc.Maker [52][75]
Hollycraft with COPR. and the year (e.g. COPR. 1950)about 1950 to about 1959Hollywood Jewelry Mfg. Co., Inc. (Hollycraft)Maker [3][62][63][76][77]
Hollycraft with a copyright symbolabout 1955 onHollywood Jewelry Mfg. Co., Inc. (Hollycraft)Maker [3][62][63][76][77]
K.J.L. for Avon1986 to about 2005Kenneth Jay Lane, Inc.Maker [63][74][78][79][80][81]
JOSEFF HOLLYWOOD in upper-case block letters, cast in or on a small oval plaque screwed or soldered onabout 1938 to about 1949Joseff of HollywoodMaker [63][82][83][84]
Joseff in script, on a round plaqueabout 1950 onJoseff of HollywoodMaker [63][82][83][84]
Florenzaabout 1950 to 1981Dan Kasoff Inc. (Florenza)Maker [63][85][86][87]
Florenza with a copyright symbolabout 1955 to 1981Dan Kasoff Inc. (Florenza)Maker [63][85][86][87]
ART (no copyright symbol)about 1950 to 1955Mode Art Jewelry Co. (ART), owned by Arthur PepperMaker [69][73][88][89]
ART with a copyright symbol1955 to about 1980Mode Art Jewelry Co. (ART), owned by Arthur PepperMaker [69][73][88][89]
B.S.K.about 1948 to about 1983B. Steinberg Kaslo Co., Inc. (B.S.K.)Maker [68][90][91][92]
BSKabout 1957 to about 1983B. Steinberg Kaslo Co., Inc. (B.S.K.)Maker [68][90][91][92]
HC in a diamond, in an oval frame1939 to about 1949Hattie Carnegie, Inc.Maker [48][93][94][95][96]
Hattie Carnegie (usually script)about 1950 to about 1979Hattie Carnegie, Inc.Maker [48][93][94][95][96]
Carnegie (script)about 1950 to about 1979Hattie Carnegie, Inc.Maker [48][93][94][95][96]
Marvella1911 onWeinreich Bros. Co. (later Marvella, Inc.)Maker [29][97][98][99][100][101]
Danecraftabout 1938 onFelch & Co. / Danecraft, Inc.Maker [102][103][104][105][106][107]
Danecraft with a C imposed over an F (Felch & Co. monogram), oval cartoucheabout 1938 to about 1950Felch & Co. / Danecraft, Inc.Maker [102][103][104][105][106][107]
Castlemarkabout 1948 to about 1952Castlecliff Co., Inc.Maker [48][108][109][110][111]
Jomazabout 1946 to 1981Mazer Bros. / Joseph J. Mazer & Co. (Jomaz)Maker [29][112][113]
Regencyabout 1950 to about 1970Regina Novelty Company (Regency)Maker [114][115]
Regency Jewels (sometimes with copyright symbol)about 1950 to about 1970Regina Novelty Company (Regency)Maker [114][115]
Beaucraft (also Beaucraft Sterling)1947 to 2004Beaucraft, Inc. (Beau)Maker [68][116][117][118][119]
B Ster (stylized B with Ster or Sterling)about 1947 to about 2004Beaucraft, Inc. (Beau)Maker [68][116][117][118][119]
Beau Sterlingabout 1947 to about 2004Beaucraft, Inc. (Beau)Maker [68][116][117][118][119]
Whiting & Davis (stamped on the bag frame)about 1920 onWhiting & Davis Co.Maker [120][121][122][123][124]

Costume jewelry makers and their marks

Marks are written out in words; we don’t reproduce them. A one source flag means we found only one source for that mark’s dates, so it stays out of the tool and the cheat sheet until a second turns up. Where sources disagree, the notes say so.

30 of 30 makers
MakerMarks, in words, and years usedDating tipsSources
Mode Art Jewelry Co. (ART), owned by Arthur PepperNew York, New York. 1950-1980Full ART entry
  • ART (no copyright symbol)about 1950 to 1955 stamped/die-struck
  • ART with a copyright symbol1955 to about 1980 stamped/die-struck
  • MODE ART with a copyright symboldates not established stamped/die-struck

On ART-marked jewelry a copyright symbol means the piece was made after 1955; ART alone points to the early 1950s.

Later and look-alike Do not confuse ART with HAR (Hargo Creations): Jewelry ID claims Pepper acquired HAR after 1956, but CJCI says it has found no connection between ART and HAR. CJCI also lists 'ART within a star shape' as a separate entry from ART/MODE ART.

[69][73][88][89]
Avon Products, Inc. (formerly California Perfume Company)New York, NY. 1886-present (company); jewelry from 1963Full Avon entry
  • AVON (all capitals or script)one sourceabout 1970 on stamped/die-struck
  • Avon with a copyright symbolone sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck
  • K.J.L. for AVON1986 to about 2005 stamped/die-struck
  • Barrera for AVON (Jose and Maria Barrera)1989 to 1996 stamped/die-struck
  • Elizabeth Taylor for Avon1993 to 1997 stamped/die-struck

Two- and three-letter initials such as SH, MR, SP, LYK, BW or WN beside an AVON mark are vendor codes identifying the factory, not designer signatures.

Unmarked From 1963 Avon jewelry was first a free gift with purchases; from 1965 to 1969 only a few pieces were sold, several packaged with other Avon products.

Later and look-alike Look-alike: AVON of Belleville, Ontario (1945-1971, founded by Abe Mazer) is a separate Canadian firm whose marks include Sterling AVON, block-capital AVON and a stylized script Avon.

[73][74]
Beaucraft, Inc. (Beau)Providence, Rhode Island. 1947 – 2004
  • Beaucraft (also Beaucraft Sterling)1947 to 2004 stamped/die-struck
  • B Ster (stylized B with Ster or Sterling)about 1947 to about 2004 stamped/die-struck
  • Beau Sterlingabout 1947 to about 2004 stamped/die-struck
  • Beau Sterling with copyright symbolone sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck
  • Beau B Sterlingone sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck

Beau marks (B Ster, Beau Sterling, Beaucraft) belong to Beaucraft, Inc. of Providence, 1947-2004; most of the collectible charms were made in the 1950s and 1960s (Charm Chatter).

Later and look-alike After the 2004 closing, CJCI says Eagle Tool, Inc. owned the Beau and Beaucraft trademarks as of 2017; a new BEAUCRAFT registration (reg. 7708256, filed 2023, claimed use in commerce 2024) belongs to Stephen L. Russo of Cranston, RI, so new Beaucraft-marked jewelry exists. Beaujewels is a different mark not associated with Beaucraft (CJCI).

[68][116][117][118][119]
Marcel Boucher Ltd. / Marcel Boucher et CieNew York, New York. 1937-1971/72Full Boucher entry
  • MB below a French Phrygian cap1937 to about 1949 stamped/die-struck
  • Marcel Boucher (full name)one sourceabout 1938 on stamped/die-struck
  • Parisina (sterling made in Mexico)one sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck
  • BOUCHER (uppercase, no copyright symbol), often with an inventory numberone source1950 to 1955 stamped/die-struck
  • Boucher with a copyright symbol before the name1955 to about 1972 stamped/die-struck
  • Marboux (lower-priced line)about 1955 on stamped/die-struck
  • LeC with a number (Le Couturier, Canadian-made line)one sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck
  • Made in Canada, Boucherone sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck

Most Boucher pieces carry a stamped inventory number; CJCI's table from Brunialti puts 2300-2350 in 1945, 3001-4500 in 1950 and 9100 in 1965, though numbers may predate actual production.

Later and look-alike Boucher's company became part of Davorn Industries in 1972, and Davorn sold the name and designs to Stutz Fashion in 1977; a BOUCHER mark for watches was registered in 1985 by Stutz Motor Car of America. Period copies marked by other firms, and unmarked copies, also exist. Separately, the Canadian firm AVON of Belleville used Boucher designs with his four-digit code numbers.

[63][68][69][70][71][72][73]
B. Steinberg Kaslo Co., Inc. (B.S.K.)New York, New York. c. 1948 – 1980sFull BSK entry
  • B.S.K.about 1948 to about 1983 stamped/die-struck
  • BSKabout 1957 to about 1983 raised plaque/cartouche
  • My Fair Ladydates not established raised plaque/cartouche

BSK is the registered word mark of B. Steinberg Kaslo Co., Inc. (USPTO reg. 966035, filed 1972); the common form is BSK in capitals on a metal cartouche, while the My Fair Lady pins carry an oval cartouche.

[68][90][91][92]
Castlecliff Co., Inc.New York, New York. 1918 – c. 1977 (name later revived)Full Castlecliff entry
  • Castlecliffone source1941 to about 1977 script signature
  • Castlecliff Sterlingone sourceabout 1941 to about 1949 stamped/die-struck
  • Castlemarkabout 1948 to about 1952 stamped/die-struck
  • Cassandraone source1957 on stamped/die-struck
  • Anne Klein for Castlecliffone source1977 on stamped/die-struck

Marked Castlecliff jewelry dates from 1941 or later; the company began marking its pieces in 1941 after a design-patent dispute with Brier Mfg. Co.

Unmarked Castlecliff did not mark its jewelry before 1941 (CJCI), so earlier production, such as the late-1930s charm bracelets Antique Trader mentions, may be unmarked.

Later and look-alike The CASTLECLIFF name was revived: a new registration (USPTO reg. 5356342, filed 2016) belongs to Schwallie Design Studio, LLC of Brooklyn, and current Castlecliff jewelry looks completely different from the vintage marked pieces (Antique Trader).

[48][108][109][110][111]
Coro (Cohn & Rosenberger, Inc.; Coro, Inc. from 1943)New York, New York (factory in Providence, Rhode Island). 1901-1979Full Coro entry
  • Coro (script, at an angle)1919 to about 1979 stamped/die-struck
  • C and Rabout 1922 on stamped/die-struck
  • Coro Craft / Corocraft (Coro in script, CRAFT in print or script)about 1938 to about 1979 stamped/die-struck
  • Pegasus (flying horse) beside Coro Craft / Corocraft in a rectangle1938 on stamped/die-struck
  • Coro (script at an angle in a rectangle) with Pegasus beside1945 on stamped/die-struck
  • Coro Craft Sterling / Corocraft Sterling (also STERLING CRAFT, Hand-Made by Coro)one sourceabout 1941 to about 1948 stamped/die-struck
  • Vendomeone source1944 to 1970 stamped/die-struck
  • Vendome with the copyright symbol ©one sourceabout 1955 to 1970 stamped/die-struck
  • Francois (script); Coro Creations by Francoisone source1937 to about 1960 stamped/die-struck

A Pegasus beside Coro Craft points to March 1938 or later; a Pegasus beside the plain Coro name was claimed from June 1945 (USPTO, via DeMarc).

Later and look-alike Some famous Coro designs, such as the Rock Fish, have been reproduced (Antique Trader). A Canadian division kept using the Coro name into the early 1990s (Antique Trader); later CORO registrations passed to Richton International and FGX International (USPTO).

[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]
Felch & Co. / Danecraft, Inc.Providence, Rhode Island. 1934 – presentFull Danecraft entry
  • Danecraftabout 1938 on stamped/die-struck
  • Danecraft with a C imposed over an F (Felch & Co. monogram), oval cartoucheabout 1938 to about 1950 raised plaque/cartouche
  • Danecraft Sterling, Reg. U.S. Pat. Off. (also Danecraft with registered symbol)one sourceabout 1938 on stamped/die-struck
  • Felchuntil about 1958 stamped/die-struck
  • D (tiny hang tag by the clasp of pearl necklaces)one sourcedates not established hang tag/paper label

The DANECRAFT word mark was filed July 7, 1938 and registered Dec. 20, 1938 (claimed first use June 1938), so a 'Reg. U.S. Pat. Off.' or registered-symbol Danecraft mark cannot predate the registration.

Later and look-alike The 1938 DANECRAFT registration was renewed in 2018 and is now held by American Exchange Time LLC, so the name continues on current jewelry.

[102][103][104][105][106][107]
Eisenberg & Sons (Eisenberg Jewelry)Chicago, Illinois. c. 1935-present (jewelry)Full Eisenberg entry
  • Eisenberg Original (script)about 1935 to about 1945 stamped/die-struck
  • Eisenberg Original Sterling / Eisenberg Sterling1943 to about 1948 stamped/die-struck
  • E (script or block letter)about 1942 to about 1945 stamped/die-struck
  • Eisenberg (script, without 'Original')one sourceabout 1944 to about 1946 stamped/die-struck
  • EISENBERG (block letters, no ©)about 1945 to about 1958 stamped/die-struck
  • EISENBERG with the copyright symbol ©about 1955 on stamped/die-struck
  • EISENBERG ICE with © (block letters)one sourceabout 1970 on stamped/die-struck

Eisenberg Original in script is the early mark (about 1935-1945); a © after EISENBERG points to after 1955, and many pieces from 1958 to 1970 and from 1970 into the 1990s were left unmarked.

Unmarked CJCI: from 1958 to 1970 many pieces were not marked, and from 1970 into the 1990s most were not; early Ralph Singer-made pieces were often unmarked. Collectors Weekly: some pieces made 1952-1970 have no mark. Antique Trader: many early pieces are unmarked and need original design cards for attribution.

Later and look-alike Eisenberg Ice in script with a date under it marked the 1994 and 2000 reissued 'Classic Series' (CJCI); Antique Trader says the brand was resurrected in the 1990s. Fakes exist but are relatively few (Antique Trader).

[52][53][54][55][56]
Emmons Jewelers, Inc.Newark, New York. 1949-1981Full Emmons entry
  • Emmonsabout 1949 to 1981 stamped/die-struck
  • Emmons with a copyright symbolone sourceabout 1955 to 1981 stamped/die-struck
  • Emmoliteone source1955 on stamped/die-struck
  • EmJdates not established stamped/die-struck
  • Ce (small e inside a large C), shown under a crown on an original boxdates not established stamped/die-struck
  • Emmons with a copyright symbol above, on a small rectangular metal hang tagone sourcedates not established hang tag/paper label

Emmons was a sister company of Sarah Coventry and sold at home parties; the company filed for bankruptcy in March 1981, which closes the date range for its marks.

[52][75]
Dan Kasoff Inc. (Florenza)New York City. c. 1950-1981Full Florenza entry
  • Florenzaabout 1950 to 1981 stamped/die-struck
  • Florenza with a copyright symbolabout 1955 to 1981 stamped/die-struck
  • Rosenfeld by Florenzaone sourceabout 1960 to 1981 stamped/die-struck
  • Lorraine Marselone sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck
  • Foil hang tag (Florenza)one sourcedates not established hang tag/paper label

A copyright symbol beside the Florenza name dates a piece to after 1955.

Unmarked Not all Florenza was marked; vanity items made for TACOA (The Accessories Corporation of Atlanta) in the late 1960s into the 1970s were unsigned, and Florenza also made jewelry for Capri, House of Benedict, Estee Lauder, Albert Weiss, Stanley-Kazlo and Kramer of N.Y.

[63][85][86][87]
Hattie Carnegie, Inc.New York, New York. 1918/1919 – c. 1979 (jewelry from 1939)Full Hattie Carnegie entry
  • HC in a diamond, in an oval frame1939 to about 1949 stamped/die-struck
  • Hattie Carnegie (usually script)about 1950 to about 1979 script signature
  • Carnegie (script)about 1950 to about 1979 script signature
  • Miss Hattieone source1958 on stamped/die-struck
  • Metal hang tagone sourceabout 1970 on hang tag/paper label
  • Valentino for Hattie Carnegie / Yves Saint Laurent for Carnegie / Anne Klein for Carnegieone source1978 to 1979 stamped/die-struck

Hattie Carnegie issued her first costume jewelry collection in 1939, so no marked Carnegie jewelry is older than that; the HC-in-a-diamond mark belongs to the 1940s pieces.

Unmarked Many unmarked figural designs are wrongly attributed to Carnegie; pieces not marked Carnegie or Hattie Carnegie should not be assumed to be 'unsigned Carnegie' (Antique Trader).

Later and look-alike Sources disagree on the end: Vintage Fashion Guild and Wikipedia say the business closed for good in 1976, while CJCI records Chromalloy American's 1976 acquisition and designer-for-Carnegie marks dated 1978-1979.

[48][93][94][95][96]
Hobé Cie Ltd. (US)United States. c. 1920-c. 1995 (US firm)Full Hobé entry
  • HOBE in stylized lettering (registered word mark)one source1926 on stamped/die-struck
  • Hobé name inside a triangle (wording shown only as an image by CJCI)one source1933 to 1957 stamped/die-struck
  • Sterling (with the Hobé mark)one sourceabout 1941 to about 1947 stamped/die-struck
  • Hobé with a copyright symbol1958 to about 1983 stamped/die-struck
  • Hobe plus a year (e.g. Hobe 1965)one sourceabout 1957 to about 1965 stamped/die-struck
  • Hobe' NY 1/20 14Kone sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck
  • HOBE 14K on Sterlingone sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck

A copyright symbol with the Hobé name points to 1958 or later; a Sterling stamp alongside it points to the 1940s.

Unmarked Most Hobé pieces are marked, but an occasional early sterling piece is found without a mark.

Later and look-alike CJCI says the original family company is defunct, while the HOBE trademark registration (owner Robert Hobe) was renewed in 2020, so the name can appear on later goods.

[61][62][63][64]
Hollywood Jewelry Mfg. Co., Inc. (Hollycraft)New York, New York. 1936-1978/79 (sold; continued about ten more years)Full Hollycraft entry
  • Hang tag reading Hollycraft on one side and Created by Hollywood Mfg. Co. New York on the otherone source1948 on hang tag/paper label
  • Hollycraft (name only, no date or copyright)dates not established stamped/die-struck
  • Hollycraft with COPR. and the year (e.g. COPR. 1950)about 1950 to about 1959 stamped/die-struck
  • Hollycraft Corpone sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck
  • Hollycraft with a copyright symbolabout 1955 on stamped/die-struck

A year stamped with the Hollycraft name dates the piece directly; dated marks run through the 1950s, and in a CJCI survey of dated pieces no screw-back earrings appeared after 1955.

Unmarked CJCI says not all Hollycraft jewelry was signed; Hollycraft also made jewelry for Kramer, Tammey Jewels, Pakula and Weiss, which would carry those names.

[3][62][63][76][77]
Joseff of HollywoodHollywood, California. 1938-present (retail jewelry)Full Joseff entry
  • JOSEFF HOLLYWOOD in upper-case block letters, cast in or on a small oval plaque screwed or soldered onabout 1938 to about 1949 cast-in
  • Joseff in script, on a round plaqueabout 1950 on script signature
  • Joseff of Hollwood [sic, as printed by CJCI]one sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck

Block-letter JOSEFF HOLLYWOOD points to the 1930s-1940s; early brooches are heavier with layered metal and a back frame, while post-1940s retail pieces were stamped in one or two layers.

Later and look-alike Some old molds and stampings have been used for jewelry made from the 1990s to the present, and an older block-letter plaque was sometimes soldered onto a newer piece, so a script or plaque mark alone does not prove age.

[63][82][83][84]
DeLizza & Elster (D&E), 'Juliana'New York, New York. 1947 – 1990Full Juliana (D&E) entry
  • Juliana Original (paper hang tag; earring card reads 'Juliana Original' 'Fashion Earrings Hand Set')one sourceabout 1967 to about 1968 hang tag/paper label
  • Gloria (hang tag)dates not established hang tag/paper label
  • Tara (hang tag; also a Tara mark)dates not established hang tag/paper label
  • Elegant (hang tag)one sourcedates not established hang tag/paper label
  • Jewelry by DeLizza (paper hang tag)one source2003 on hang tag/paper label

DeLizza & Elster jewelry is normally unmarked; the Juliana name appeared only on paper hang tags, so identification rests on construction such as five-link-and-band bracelets, sparse heavy rivets, figure-eight puddling and open-backed stones.

Unmarked Juliana pieces were marked, if at all, only by paper hang tags (CJCI, Morning Glory); most tags were discarded when the jewelry was worn, so nearly all D&E pieces are unmarked today. The same style also shipped with other firms' tags (Gloria, Tara) and D&E made jewelry for hundreds of other companies.

Later and look-alike CJCI warns of recent Asian import copies of Juliana-style bracelets; the clearest sign is that every stone is glued, whereas authentic pieces usually have the larger stones prong set.

[104][125][126]
Kenneth Jay Lane, Inc.United States. 1963-presentFull Kenneth Jay Lane entry
  • K.J.L. (periods between the letters)one sourceabout 1963 to about 1979 stamped/die-struck
  • Kenneth Lane, each word curved around a copyright symbol in an oval plaqueone sourceabout 1963 to about 1979 raised plaque/cartouche
  • Donald Stannard for Kenneth J. Laneone sourceabout 1970 stamped/die-struck
  • Kenneth Jay Laneone sourceabout 1970 to about 1989 stamped/die-struck
  • K.J.L. for Avon1986 to about 2005 stamped/die-struck
  • © KJL (copyright symbol, no periods)one sourceabout 1990 on stamped/die-struck
  • Kenneth / © Lane (Kenneth curved at top, © Lane at bottom of an oval)one sourceabout 1990 on raised plaque/cartouche
  • KJL Thailandone sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck
  • KJL for Lagunaone sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck

Periods matter: K.J.L. with periods marks the earliest 1960s-1970s work, while KJL without periods and with a copyright symbol is later mass-market production, much of it for QVC.

Later and look-alike Lane died in 2017 but jewelry is still marketed under his brand; the KENNETH JAY LANE registration for jewelry and watches (Reg. 2,208,711) was renewed in 2018. An earlier KENNETH LANE registration for jewelry (Reg. 1,557,877, 1989) was cancelled in 1996.

[63][74][78][79][80][81]
Kramer Jewelry Creations, Inc. (Kramer of New York)New York, New York. 1943-c. 1980Full Kramer entry
  • Kramer1943 to about 1980 stamped/die-struck
  • Kramer N.Y.one sourceuntil about 1980 stamped/die-struck
  • Kramer of New York / Kramer New York / Kramer of NYuntil about 1980 stamped/die-struck
  • KRAMER with the copyright symbol ©one sourceabout 1955 to about 1980 stamped/die-struck
  • The Diamond Look (script; also block print)one source1948 on hang tag/paper label
  • The Golden Look (script)one source1954 on hang tag/paper label
  • Christian Dior by Kramer (also Dior by Kramer, Kramer for Dior)about 1950 to about 1969 stamped/die-struck
  • Amourelle (heart-shaped plaque)one source1963 on raised plaque/cartouche
  • Perles de Lune (pearl jewelry)one source1962 on hang tag/paper label

Kramer started in 1943 and closed around 1980, so Kramer-marked pieces fall in that span; a © after the name points to after 1955 (CJCI).

[57][58][59][60]
D. Lisner & Co. (later Lisner-Richelieu Corp.)New York, New York. 1904-c. 1985Full Lisner entry
  • LISNER (early block mark)one sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck
  • Lisnerone source1938 on stamped/die-struck
  • LISNER with the copyright symbol ©one sourceabout 1955 on stamped/die-struck
  • Lisner script with an L in an oval (zipper-like design at top and bottom)one source1956 on stamped/die-struck
  • CRYSTALIA (all caps)one source1926 on stamped/die-struck
  • Diamond Jim Bradyone source1935 on stamped/die-struck
  • Gremlinone source1942 on stamped/die-struck
  • Junior Promone source1956 on stamped/die-struck

Lisner was mainly an importer and wholesaler before the 1930s, so Lisner-marked jewelry is generally 1930s or later; CJCI dates the Lisner name mark from 1938 and the © version after 1955.

Unmarked CJCI: much Lisner jewelry before the 1930s was imported from Europe, and in 1931 Lisner was listed only as a wholesaler; other firms, including Whiting & Davis, made jewelry for Lisner.

Later and look-alike Jones Apparel Group owns the Lisner name but does not make Lisner jewelry; none has been made since the mid-1980s (CJCI). Counterfeit Lisner pieces circulate (Antique Jewelry Investor).

[78][127][128]
Weinreich Bros. Co. (later Marvella, Inc.)New York, New York. 1906/1911 – 2000sFull Marvella entry
  • Marvella1911 on stamped/die-struck
  • Marvella with copyright symbolone sourceabout 1955 on stamped/die-struck
  • Marvella Zenith Quality1939 on hang tag/paper label
  • Marvella Minerva Quality1939 on hang tag/paper label
  • L'Opera1928 on hang tag/paper label
  • Chiffon1941 on hang tag/paper label
  • Marvellissimo1948 on hang tag/paper label
  • Marvellesque1958 on hang tag/paper label
  • Dynasty1959 on hang tag/paper label
  • Marva-Star1963 on hang tag/paper label
  • W.B.Co.one sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck

A copyright symbol with the Marvella mark points to after 1955 (CJCI); the Marvella name itself was claimed in use from January 1911 in Weinreich Brothers' 1948 trademark filing.

Later and look-alike Sources disagree on later owners: Enchanted Learning and the Wikidot page say Trifari bought Marvella in 1982, while CJCI calls it a division of the Monet Group 1982-2000, which Liz Claiborne bought in July 2000.

[29][97][98][99][100][101]
Mazer Bros. / Joseph J. Mazer & Co. (Jomaz)New York, New York. 1923 – 1981Full Mazer / Jomaz entry
  • MAZERone sourceabout 1927 to about 1946 stamped/die-struck
  • MAZER BROS.one sourceabout 1946 to 1952 stamped/die-struck
  • Jomazabout 1946 to 1981 stamped/die-struck
  • Joseph Mazerone sourceabout 1946 to about 1981 stamped/die-struck
  • Adolfo for Mazerone sourceabout 1980 on stamped/die-struck
  • Mazer Sterlingone sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck
  • Sea-Mazeone source1929 on hang tag/paper label
  • Mystere (script)one source1949 on script signature

Mazer and Jomaz were separate firms after the brothers split; Mazer jewelry was not produced after 1952, while Jomaz ran to 1981, and a copyright symbol after Jomaz points to after 1955.

Later and look-alike Sellers often list Jomaz and Mazer together because several online sources wrongly say Mazer was renamed Jomaz; they were two companies (Antique Trader).

[29][112][113]
Miriam HaskellNew York, New York. 1926-presentFull Miriam Haskell entry
  • Miriam Haskell (impressed, round mark)one sourceabout 1947 to about 1949 stamped/die-struck
  • MIRIAM HASKELL on a horseshoe-shaped (semicircular) plaqueone sourceabout 1948 to about 1950 raised plaque/cartouche
  • MIRIAM HASKELL on an oval plaque or hang tag, stamping showing through (reversed) on the backone sourceabout 1950 to about 1979 raised plaque/cartouche
  • MIRIAM HASKELL on a flat-backed oval plaque or hang tagone sourceabout 1979 on raised plaque/cartouche
  • MIRIAM HASKELL oval with an identification number (limited edition)one sourceabout 1990 to about 1999 raised plaque/cartouche
  • Black and gold paper hang tagone sourceuntil about 1947 hang tag/paper label

Haskell jewelry made from 1926 to about 1947 carried no permanent signature, so a stamped or plaque Haskell mark means 1947 or later; a flat-backed oval plaque points to about 1979 or later.

Unmarked No permanent signature from 1926 to c. 1947, with irregular use 1947-1949 (CJCI); Antique Trader and Very Vintage agree. Wikipedia says the jewelry was seldom signed before 1950. Unsigned pieces with post-war filigree backs are extremely rare, so treat them with caution (Very Vintage, citing Gordon and Pamfiloff).

Later and look-alike Horseshoe plaques from company inventory were attached to a few pieces in later decades (Antique Trader; CJCI says the plaque is still in company inventory). The company continues today as Haskell Jewels, LLC (Wikipedia).

[62][129][130][131]
Monet (Monocraft Products Co., Inc.)New York, New York (factory in Providence, Rhode Island). 1927-2000sFull Monet entry
  • MONOCRAFT (block letters)1927 to about 1937 stamped/die-struck
  • Monét (with an accent over the e, serif letters)one source1937 on stamped/die-struck
  • Monet Jewelers (small metal hang tag, Jewelers in script)one source1937 to about 1945 hang tag/paper label
  • MONET1937 on stamped/die-struck
  • MONET with the copyright symbol ©about 1955 on stamped/die-struck
  • Monet Sterlingone sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck

An accented Monét mark is the early form; plain MONET was registered with a September 1, 1937 first-use date, and pieces marked Monocraft are earlier (1927-1937).

Later and look-alike The MONET registrations are still live and now owned by Penney IP LLC (USPTO), so new Monet-marked jewelry continues to be sold; CJCI says Monet Group production moved out of the United States in July 2000.

[27][28][29][30][31]
The Napier Co. (earlier The E. A. Bliss Co.; The Napier-Bliss Co.)Meriden, Connecticut. 1878-1999Full Napier entry
  • BLISSone source1915 to about 1920 stamped/die-struck
  • Napier inside a cartouche (oval)one source1920 on raised plaque/cartouche
  • NAPIER (block letters)1922 on stamped/die-struck
  • N inside an oval (elongated side to side)one source1923 on stamped/die-struck
  • NACOone source1923 on stamped/die-struck
  • by Napier (in a shield shape)one source1942 on stamped/die-struck
  • NAPIER Quality (inside a circle)one source1946 on stamped/die-struck
  • NAPIER STERLINGone sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck
  • NAPIER with the copyright symbol ©one sourceabout 1955 on stamped/die-struck
  • Napier (script, Mistral font)1965 on stamped/die-struck

A plain block NAPIER mark spans 1922 into the 2000s and was used with and without ©, so date Napier by construction and style, not by the block mark alone; the script mark began in 1965.

Unmarked Antique Trader: the vast majority of Napier pieces left the factory marked Napier. CJCI: unmarked jewelry on Napier cards is still sold in department stores.

Later and look-alike Napier reused its archive of old molds and dies to make components in later decades, which confuses dating (Antique Trader). After the Meriden plant closed on October 15, 1999, the brand continued under other owners (CJCI, Wikipedia).

[43][44][45][46][47]
Regina Novelty Company (Regency)New York, New York. c. 1950 – 1970Full Regency entry
  • Regencyabout 1950 to about 1970 stamped/die-struck
  • Regency Jewels (sometimes with copyright symbol)about 1950 to about 1970 stamped/die-struck
  • Fleur de Paris by Regency (reverse: hand Made of Imported French Glass)one sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck

Regency jewelry is dated by both CJCI and Morning Glory to about 1950-1970, and the Regency Jewels form also appears with a copyright symbol and on original cards and hang tags.

Unmarked Morning Glory shows a Regency brooch that is 'not signed' but came on its original card marked 'Regency Jewels', so card-only pieces exist.

[114][115]
Sarah Coventry, Inc. (C. H. Stuart Company)Newark, New York. 1949-c. 1984 (brand revived; ended 2008)Full Sarah Coventry entry
  • SCabout 1956 on stamped/die-struck
  • Sarah Cov. (with © before the name)one sourceabout 1956 on stamped/die-struck
  • Sarah in a diamond shape, with ©; SARAH in block capitals with or without ©one sourceabout 1956 on stamped/die-struck
  • SaCdates not established stamped/die-struck
  • ©COVENTRYdates not established stamped/die-struck
  • Sarah coventry with ©one sourceabout 1970 to about 1979 stamped/die-struck
  • Sarah Cov on a diamond-shaped hang tagone sourceabout 1957 to about 1980 hang tag/paper label
  • Sarah Cov / SC on a mirror-shaped hang tag, with ©about 1960 to about 1979 hang tag/paper label
  • Lady Coventry (on jewelry cards and boxes)one source1965 on hang tag/paper label

Sarah Coventry jewelry made before 1956 is generally unsigned, so a stamped SC or Sarah Cov. mark points to 1956 or later (Wikipedia; CJCI says SC came after 1953).

Unmarked Wikipedia: early jewelry was unsigned through 1955. Sarah Coventry did not make its own jewelry; outside firms such as S&M Enameling (Wikipedia) and DeLizza & Elster (Collectors Weekly) produced it, so look-alike unsigned pieces from those makers exist.

Later and look-alike The name was bought by Lifestyle Brands in 1987 and sold on HSN in 2002 and by home party from 2003 (CJCI); Collectors Weekly says manufacturing moved to China and India after the 1984 sale and production ceased in 2008. Later marks should not be read as vintage.

[48][49][50][51]
Elsa Schiaparelli (Paris house); licensed US jewelry through Schiaparelli Jewels, New YorkParis, France (house); New York (licensed jewelry company from 1949). 1931-1973 (jewelry entry, CJCI)Full Schiaparelli entry
  • schiaparelli in lowercase block (print) lettersuntil 1949 stamped/die-struck
  • Schiaparelli in script1949 to about 1959 script signature
  • Designed in Paris – Created in America (torso-shaped paper hang tag)1949 on hang tag/paper label
  • SCHIAPARELLI in all capital lettersone sourcedates not established stamped/die-struck

Script Schiaparelli marks date from 1949 on; in the 1950s the earrings were usually marked on the clip backs while matching brooches, necklaces and bracelets were often unsigned.

Unmarked The 1930s couture jewelry is mostly unmarked; many 1950s brooches, necklaces and bracelets were unsigned even when the earrings were marked.

Later and look-alike Fake Schiaparelli marks are sold online (CJCI). Interbasic Holding registered SCHIAP, SHOCKING and elsa ES for jewelry in 2006-2007, and jewelry from the reopened house carries a different mark from vintage pieces.

[65][66][67]
Trifari (Trifari, Krussman & Fishel, Inc.)New York, New York. 1918-2000sFull Trifari entry
  • TK in a circle (block letters)about 1918 to about 1925 stamped/die-struck
  • Jewels by Trifari, with a crown over the T1920 on hang tag/paper label
  • KTF (also read as TKF)about 1935 to about 1939 stamped/die-struck
  • TRIFARI (name alone, elongated letters)1937 on stamped/die-struck
  • TRIFARI with a crown over the T1937 to about 1977 stamped/die-struck
  • TRIFARI PAT. PEND. with a crown over the T (also DESIGN PAT PEND on earring clips)about 1937 to about 1955 stamped/die-struck
  • TRIFARI STERLING (crown over the T)1942 to 1947 stamped/die-struck
  • TRIFARI with crown over the T and the copyright symbol ©1955 on stamped/die-struck
  • TRIFARI in cursive lettering inside a circle, with ©about 1977 to about 1989 stamped/die-struck
  • TRIFARI TM on a raised rectangular cartoucheabout 1985 to about 1999 raised plaque/cartouche

Plain TRIFARI dates from December 20, 1937 or later (USPTO first-use claim); a © after the name points to 1955 or later, but a crown with no © can still be 1960s work, so the crown alone is not proof of pre-1955.

Unmarked Trifari advertised that all its jewelry was marked; a few verified 1930s pieces from the TKF-to-Trifari transition are unmarked (CJCI). DeMarc says pieces made overseas from 2000 on are not marked.

Later and look-alike In 1996 Trifari reissued older designs with the date added to the signature (CJCI); DeMarc reports dated (1995-1997) limited editions sold on QVC. The TRIFARI registrations later passed to Kate Spade & Company (USPTO).

[19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
Albert Weiss & Co., Inc.New York, New York. 1942-1971Full Weiss entry
  • Albert Weiss New Yorkone sourceabout 1942 to about 1971 stamped/die-struck
  • Weiss N.Y.one sourceuntil about 1971 stamped/die-struck
  • WEISSCO / Weissco N.Y.one source1947 to about 1971 stamped/die-struck
  • WEISS (name alone)one source1951 to about 1971 stamped/die-struck
  • WEISS with the copyright symbol ©one sourceuntil about 1971 stamped/die-struck
  • A.W.Co. (on tags); Jewels by Albert Weiss with a W and crown on brooch cardsone sourceuntil about 1971 hang tag/paper label

Weiss closed in 1971, so any Weiss-marked piece claiming a later date is suspect; CJCI dates the plain WEISS mark from 1951 and WEISSCO from 1947.

Unmarked Weiss made many unsigned pieces from the late 1960s until it closed in 1971, often with finely textured backs (Antique Jewelry Investor). CJCI: Weiss manufactured none of its own jewelry; Hollycraft made some of it.

Later and look-alike Counterfeit Weiss pieces circulate, with textured fake finishes that differ from genuine post-1960s Weiss (Antique Jewelry Investor). CJCI lists a separate 'WEISS MEXICO' sterling mark (Weiss Sterling 925 Mex) whose link to Albert Weiss is not established in saved sources.

[120][128][132]
Whiting & Davis Co.Plainville, Massachusetts. 1876 (as Wade Davis & Co.); Whiting & Davis from 1896 – presentFull Whiting & Davis entry
  • W. & D.one sourceuntil about 1915 stamped/die-struck
  • Alice Nielsenone sourceuntil about 1915 stamped/die-struck
  • Florodora (CJCI spells it Florodoro)one sourceuntil about 1915 stamped/die-struck
  • Yo Sanone sourceuntil about 1915 stamped/die-struck
  • Whiting & Davis (stamped on the bag frame)about 1920 on stamped/die-struck
  • Whiting & Davis logo (trademark claimed first used July 29, 1921)one source1921 on stamped/die-struck
  • Whiting & Davis Chain Co.one source1926 on stamped/die-struck
  • Alumeshdates not established stamped/die-struck
  • Beadlite (CJCI writes Beadite)dates not established stamped/die-struck
  • Perlimeshdates not established stamped/die-struck
  • Mesh-Matesone sourceabout 1950 on hang tag/paper label

Production of metal mesh halted during World War II (VFG), so a gap in the 1940s is expected; and W. & D., Alice Nielsen, Florodora and Yo San marks were reportedly discontinued by 1915 (CJCI citing Rainwater).

Later and look-alike For its 100th anniversary in 1976 the company produced the Heritage Collection of portrait bags with long chain handles, which can be taken for older pieces; in 2001 handbag production was licensed to The Inge Christopher Group (Bag Lady University).

[120][121][122][123][124]

Dates that are often repeated wrong

  • The © on costume jewelry predates the court ruling. The Trifari case piece was made in 1954 with a © on the clasp, DeMarc records COPR TRIFARI PAT. PEND. on a 1949 bracelet clasp, and CJCI dates Hollycraft COPR notices from 1950. Treat “after 1955” as “mostly mid-1950s or later.”[1][2][3][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26]
  • Trifari’s ruling date differs by source. The published opinion is dated September 28, 1955; CJCI gives November 9, 1955.[1][2][3]
  • A Pegasus doesn’t start in 1945 for Corocraft. The Corocraft Pegasus mark claims first use in March 1938; the June 1945 date belongs to the plain Coro name with the Pegasus.[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]
  • Vendome didn’t replace Corocraft in 1953. CJCI dates Corocraft to 1979 and shows a Corocraft mark from about 1954.[32][33][34][35][36][37][38][39][40][41][42]
  • Eisenberg Ice on jewelry is disputed. CJCI dates the block Eisenberg Ice mark on jewelry from 1970 and says earlier uses were on paper items; Collectors Weekly says about 1945 to 1950, and Lang lists a script Eisenberg Ice in a c. 1950 directory. It stays out of the tool.[52][53][54][55][56]
  • “C over F means before 1945” on Danecraft is disputed. Trade notices cited by Jewelry ID put Felch & Co., Inc. in 1946 and Danecraft, Inc. in 1954, and Lang dates the Felch marks to about 1943 to 1950.[102][103][104][105][106][107]
  • Mazer was not renamed Jomaz. The brothers split; Mazer Bros. jewelry ends in 1952 while Jomaz ran to 1981.[29][112][113]
  • Florenza’s registration claims first use on February 20, 1956, later than the about-1950 start most collector sources give.[63][85][86][87]
  • Hobé’s US start varies: about 1920 (CJCI), 1926 (the USPTO first-use claim) and 1927 (Morning Glory).[61][62][63][64]

The clues explained

Copyright symbol © or COPR
The opinion in Trifari, Krussman & Fishel v. Charel is dated September 28, 1955; CJCI gives November 9, 1955 for Trifari’s win. The piece in that case was made in the summer of 1954 and already had a c in a circle on the clasp, and Trifari’s president said in 1954–55 interviews that the firm was stamping every piece with a copyright sign. After the case most firms moved from design patents to copyright, but Coro kept patenting until 1965, so a Coro piece with no © isn’t necessarily early. Hollycraft marked copyrighted pieces COPR with a year, and dated Hollycraft pieces go back to 1950.[1][2][3]
Registered symbol ®
The Trademark Act of 1946 allowed a registrant to mark a registered trademark with the letter R in a circle, as well as “Reg. U.S. Pat. Off.”, and the Act took effect one year after its July 5, 1946 enactment. A ® beside a US maker’s name therefore points to mid-1947 or later. A foreign maker’s ® follows other laws.[4][5][6]
STERLING
During World War II costume makers could not use white metal, because lead and tin were reserved for armaments, and sterling silver was widely used for costume jewelry, cast and die-struck. Sterling was used before and after the war too, so the tool sets no limit for it. Since a 1961 amendment, a US maker who stamps Sterling must also apply its name or registered trademark beside the quality mark.[7][8][9][133]
Pat. and Pat. Pend.
Trifari and Coro patented hundreds of designs from the 1930s to the mid-to-late 1950s, and Coro kept going until 1965. Most design patents for jewelry lasted only about three and a half years. Pat. Pend. means an application was said to be pending; it has no number to look up.[2][3]
Design patent numbers
Design patents and utility patents have separate number series. The converter above uses the USPTO table of first numbers by year. A second table, from Queen’s University and hosted by the Patent and Trademark Resource Centers Association, agrees except for 1948 (D148,267 at the USPTO, D148,358 in the guide), and it leaves out 1940.[134][135]
Country words
West Germany was formed in 1949 and reunified with the East on October 3, 1990, after which US Customs rejected “West Germany” as an origin mark. Czechoslovakia existed from October 18, 1918 to December 31, 1992. The occupation of Japan ran from September 1945 to April 28, 1952. Hong Kong goods entering the US after September 25, 2020 must be marked China. Taiwan is in our notes but not the tool: the Republic of China government moved there in 1949, and we found only one source and none tying the mark to a year. We found no dated source for Austria, so it is not in the tool either.[10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17][18][136]

For every country word and the laws behind them, see our country-of-origin marks dating chart. For the © in more depth, read what the copyright symbol on costume jewelry tells you, and for wartime silver, sterling on 1940s costume jewelry.

Clubs, museums and references: current addresses

Collector clubs, museums and reference sites hold the catalogs, advertisements and patent files that date jewelry. Many jewelry links on older library and club pages broke when sites moved or closed. Every address below was opened on October 6, 2026. Struck-through addresses are old ones that no longer work.

43 of 43 entries
Organization or resourceCurrent addressWhat it isOld address
American Society of Jewelry HistoriansClubjewelryhistorians.orgU.S. nonprofit founded by Jean Appleton of the Fashion Institute of Technology to share jewelry history through events and membership.Unchanged
Art Jewelry Forum (AJF)Clubartjewelryforum.orgNonprofit membership organization founded in 1997 for contemporary art jewelry, publishing articles, interviews and exhibition listings.Unchanged
Costume Jewelry Collectors Int'l (CJCI)Clubcostumejewelrycollectors.com/aboutGlobal network of costume jewelry collectors founded by Melinda Lewis and Pamela Wiggins Siegel; holds conventions in the U.S., runs a Facebook community, and hosts free research pages including RCJ.Unchanged
Society of Jewellery Historians (UK)Clubsocietyofjewelleryhistorians.ac.ukUK society for jewelry history with a lecture program, publications and member-only online lectures; describes itself as the oldest society on the subject.Unchanged
Vintage Fashion Guild (VFG)Clubvintagefashionguild.orgInternational organization of vintage fashion specialists that publishes free resources such as its Label Resource and Fashion Timeline.Unchanged
ASU FIDM Museum (formerly FIDM Museum)Museumfidmmuseum.orgLos Angeles fashion museum, now part of Arizona State University's ASU FIDM, with a 15,000-piece collection spanning 400 years that includes accessories and jewelry.http://www.fidmmuseum.org/
Cooper Hewitt, Smithsonian Design MuseumMuseumcooperhewitt.org/aboutSmithsonian design museum in New York with more than 215,000 design objects, fully digitized and searchable online.Unchanged
Cranbrook Art MuseumMuseumcranbrookartmuseum.orgArt museum of Cranbrook Academy of Art in Bloomfield Hills, Michigan, holding thousands of works of art, architecture, design and craft.http://www.cranbrookart.edu/museum
Fuller Craft MuseumMuseumfullercraft.orgContemporary craft museum in Brockton, Massachusetts; its old online collections database address is gone.http://collections.fullercraft.org/homed.aspx?dir=CRAFT
GIA Museum (Carlsbad, California)Museumgia.edu/gia-museumMuseum at the Gemological Institute of America campus with rotating exhibits of gems, minerals and jewelry.Unchanged
Isergebirgs-Museum Neugablonz (Kaufbeuren, Germany)Museumisergebirgs-museum.de/de/das-museumMuseum of glass, costume jewelry and industry in Neugablonz, the Kaufbeuren district founded by expellees from Gablonz (Jablonec) after World War II.Unchanged
LACMA Collections Online (Los Angeles County Museum of Art)Museumcollections.lacma.orgOnline collection search of the Los Angeles County Museum of Art, whose holdings include jewelry; the old filtered jewelry search URL no longer works.https://collections.lacma.org/search/site/jewelry?f%5B0%5D=bm_field_has_image%3Atrue&f%5B1%5D=im_field_classification%3A19&f%5B2%5D=im_field_curatorial_area%3A39
Museo del Bijou di Casalmaggiore (Italy)Museummuseodelbijou.it/it/il-museoItaly's costume jewelry museum, founded in 1986, preserving pieces, machines and catalogs from the Casalmaggiore bijou factories, late 1800s to the 1970s.Unchanged
Museum of Arts and Design (MAD), New YorkMuseummadmuseum.org/about/museum-historyNew York museum of craft, art and design founded in 1956 as the Museum of Contemporary Crafts; its collection covers 1950 to the present.Unchanged
Museum of Fine Arts, Boston: Jewelry collectionMuseummfa.org/collections/jewelryMFA Boston jewelry collection, from ancient Egyptian pieces to studio jewelry; the MFA appointed the first curator of jewelry at an American art museum in 2006.Unchanged
Museum of Glass and Jewellery, Jablonec nad Nisou (Czech Republic)Museummsb-jablonec.cz/enState museum in the center of the Bohemian costume jewelry industry, with a permanent display on Jablonec jewelry from its beginnings to today.Unchanged
Museum of the Jewellery Quarter, Birmingham (UK)Museumbirminghammuseums.org.uk/museum-of-the-jewellery-quarter/aboutPreserved Smith & Pepper jewelry factory in Birmingham's Jewelry Quarter, left as it was when the firm stopped trading in 1981.Unchanged
Providence Jewelry Museum (Rhode Island)Museumrihs.org/directory_item/providence-jewelry-museumMuseum and archive of American jewelry making in Providence, the former center of U.S. costume jewelry manufacturing; listed in the Rhode Island Historical Society directory.Unchanged
Schmuckmuseum Pforzheim (Pforzheim Jewelry Museum)Museumschmuckmuseum.de/enMuseum devoted to the history of jewelry in Pforzheim, Germany, with about 2,000 objects spanning five millennia.Unchanged
Silversmithing Museum, Ioannina (Piraeus Bank Group Cultural Foundation)Museumpiop.gr/en/diktuo-mouseion/silversmithing-museumMuseum of the silversmithing tradition of Epirus, housed in a bastion of the castle of Ioannina, Greece; part of the Piraeus Bank Group Cultural Foundation museum network.https://www.piop.gr/en/diktuo-mouseiwn/Mouseio-Argyrotexnias/to-mouseio.aspx
Victoria and Albert Museum: Jewellery collection and William and Judith Bollinger Jewellery GalleryMuseumvam.ac.uk/collections/jewelleryThe V&A's jewelry collection page: over 3,000 jewels tracing European jewelry from ancient times to today.Unchanged
Wheelwright Museum: Jim and Lauris Phillips Center for the Study of Southwestern JewelryMuseumwheelwright.org/exhibition/center-for-the-study-of-southwestern-jewelrySanta Fe museum center, opened in 2015, devoted to the history and current practice of Navajo and Pueblo jewelry.https://wheelwright.org/exhibitions/jewelry-center/
Ciner Jewelry (CJCI)Referencecostumejewelrycollectors.com/ciner-jewelryCJCI page on the Ciner Manufacturing Co., founded in 1892, and its move into costume jewelry in 1931.Unchanged
DeMarc Treasures (Trifari and Coro research)Referencedemarctreasures.comCollector-dealer site with research pages on Trifari and Coro/Corocraft/Vendome marks, patents and advertisements.Unchanged
Identifying DeLizza & Elster (Juliana) Jewelry 101 (CJCI)Referencecostumejewelrycollectors.com/vintage-costume-jewelry-research/designers-manufaturers-and-styles/identifying-delizza-elster-juliana-jewelry-101CJCI guide to recognizing DeLizza & Elster ("Juliana") jewelry, which was usually unmarked or carried only paper hang tags.Unchanged
JewelryPatents.comReferencejewelrypatents.comResearch site for vintage jewelry design patents, browsable by company (Anthony Creations, Boucher, Coro, Eisenberg, Trifari and others); started in 2004 by James Katz and now run by Pretty Snazzy.http://www.jewelrypatents.com/anthony1.html
Lang Antiques: Antique Jewelry University (incl. Maker's Marks search)Referencelangantiques.com/universityFree online jewelry history encyclopedia from Lang Antiques of San Francisco, including a searchable Maker's Marks database and a hallmarks section.Unchanged
McClelland Barclay Jewelry Signatures (Patricia Gostick, RCJ)Referencecostumejewelrycollectors.com/vintage-costume-jewelry-research/costume-jewelry-marks/mcclelland-barclay-jewelry-signaturesPatricia Gostick's 2006 article on the different McClelland Barclay signatures, first on IllusionJewels.com and now on the CJCI site.http://www.illusionjewels.com/McClelland-Barclay-jewelry.html
Miriam Haskell Jewelry (Cathy Gordon and Sheila Pamfiloff, on CJCI)Referencecostumejewelrycollectors.com/vintage-costume-jewelry-research/designers-manufaturers-and-styles/jewelry-manufacturers/miriam-haskell-jewelryHistory of the Miriam Haskell company from its 1926 New York gift shop onward, reprinted from RCJ with permission of the authors and Schiffer Books.Unchanged
Pennino Jewelry History: Three Neapolitan Princes and the Legacy of Pennino (RCJ)Referencecostumejewelrycollectors.com/vintage-costume-jewelry-research/designers-manufaturers-and-styles/jewelry-manufacturers/pennino-jewelry-history-three-neapolitan-princes-and-the-legacy-of-penninoDotty Stringfield's history of the Pennino jewelry firm, first published on IllusionJewels.com and now on the CJCI site; a Pennino photo gallery is also on CJCI.http://www.illusionjewels.com/Penninojewelry3.html
Researching Costume Jewelry (RCJ), now hosted by Costume Jewelry Collectors Int'lReferencecostumejewelrycollectors.com/researching-costume-jewelry-history-jewelry-marks-fashion-jewelry-vintage-jewelry-research-jewelry-signaturesThe costume jewelry marks guide created by Dotty Stringfield on IllusionJewels.com in 1997, with A-to-Z pages of company histories and photographed signatures; moved to CJCI in 2019.http://www.illusionjewels.com/costumejewelrymarks.html
Researching Costume Jewelry: companies and signatures "A"Referencecostumejewelrycollectors.com/vintage-costume-jewelry-research/costume-jewelry-marks/researching-costume-jewelry-history-jewelry-marks-aThe "A" page of the RCJ marks guide (company histories and signature photos for makers beginning with A), now on the CJCI site.http://www.illusionjewels.com/costumejewelrymarksa.html
A Site for Me: Jewelry Marks Index, Links and BibliographyReferenceNo successor foundArchived copyHobbyist Tripod page giving a basic A-H guide to jewelry marks with a bibliography.http://asiteforme.tripod.com/MarksIndex.html
Center for Jewelry Studies (Christie Romero)ReferenceNo successor foundArchived copyEducational center founded by jewelry historian Christie Romero, offering programs on the history and identification of antique, period and vintage jewelry; reorganizing after her death.http://www.center4jewelrystudies.org/
Chanel: Dating Costume Jewelry Using Marks (About.com)ReferenceNo successor foundArchived copyIllustrated guide to the marks used on Chanel costume jewelry and when they were used.http://antiques.about.com/od/markssignatures/tp/Chanel-Costume-Jewelry-Marks.htm
Ciner: Dating Costume Jewelry Using Marks (About.com)ReferenceNo successor foundArchived copyGuide to Ciner company history and the marks found on Ciner jewelry.http://antiques.about.com/od/vintagecostumejewelry/tp/CinerMarks021912.htm
Collecting Costume Jewelry: Short Biographies & Pictures Library (Treasures-in-Time, Carol Bell)ReferenceNo successor foundArchived copyIndex of short biographies of US costume jewelry designers and companies by Carol Bell of Treasures-in-Time.http://www.collectingcj.com/designers.htm
Costume Jewelry Marks Gallery (About.com)ReferenceNo successor foundArchived copyPhoto gallery of vintage and contemporary costume jewelry manufacturer marks and designer signatures, with dating notes where known.http://antiques.about.com/od/vintagecostumejewelry/ig/Costume-Jewelry-Marks-Gallery/
Identifying Stones in Costume Jewelry (About.com)ReferenceNo successor foundArchived copyIllustrated guide to naming the stone types found in vintage costume jewelry (margarita, rivoli, saphiret and others).http://antiques.about.com/od/vintagecostumejewelry/a/Stones-In-Costume-Jewelry020211.htm
Jewelers Guild: 1954 Jewelers Trade Mark & Names indexReferenceNo successor foundArchived copyAlphabetical marks list on the Jewelers Guild vintage jewelry site, presented as a 1954 index of jewelers' trademarks and trade names.http://www.jewelers-guild.com/jgmain.php?&itcat=marks&jgtbs=jg_marks&itid=MAR-
Juliana / DeLizza & Elster Jewelry: A Step by Step Guide to Identification (About.com)ReferenceNo successor foundArchived copyStep-by-step slideshow on identifying unsigned DeLizza & Elster ("Juliana") jewelry by construction features.http://antiques.about.com/od/vintagecostumejewelry/ss/How-To-Identify-Juliana-Jewelry.htm
Miriam Haskell: Resources for Research (About.com)ReferenceNo successor foundArchived copyAnnotated list of online and print resources for researching Miriam Haskell jewelry.http://antiques.about.com/od/vintagecostumejewelry/tp/Researching-Miriam-Haskell-Jewelry080510.htm
Twentieth-Century Jewelry History (mschon.com, Marbeth Schon)ReferenceNo successor foundArchived copyArticle by Richard Whitehouse on twentieth-century jewelry design movements, published on Marbeth Schon's site.http://www.mschon.com/jewelryhistory.html

For librarians, teachers and collector clubs

This guide is licensed CC BY 4.0. Link to it, print the cheat sheet, put it in a research guide, a club newsletter or a class packet; just credit The Mark Index. There are no ads and nothing to sign up for. Club newsletter editors are welcome to reprint the maker table with credit. Found an error or a better source? Tell us.

Chicago
The Mark Index Editors. “Costume Jewelry Marks: Identify and Date Signed Vintage Jewelry.” The Mark Index. Last modified October 6, 2026. https://themarkindex.com/costume-jewelry-marks/.
MLA
“Costume Jewelry Marks: Identify and Date Signed Vintage Jewelry.” The Mark Index, 6 Oct. 2026, themarkindex.com/costume-jewelry-marks/.
APA
The Mark Index Editors. (2026, October 6). Costume jewelry marks: Identify and date signed vintage jewelry. The Mark Index. https://themarkindex.com/costume-jewelry-marks/
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<a href="https://themarkindex.com/costume-jewelry-marks/">Costume Jewelry Marks: Identify and Date Signed Vintage Jewelry</a> (The Mark Index, CC BY 4.0)

How we built this guide

We started from 30 maker entries already on The Mark Index and re-checked every mark and date. Sources include Costume Jewelry Collectors International’s research pages, DeMarc Treasures’ transcriptions of Trifari and Coro trademark records, Lang Antiques’ marks pages, Collectors Weekly, Antique Trader, Morning Glory Antiques, Jewelry ID, USPTO trademark records, the USPTO table of patent numbers, the 1955 Trifari v. Charel opinion, the U.S. Code, U.S. Customs rulings and the State Department’s Office of the Historian.

Many collector pages repeat each other. CJCI’s mark pages began as Illusion Jewels’ pages, and Antique Trader’s jewelry articles are by an author who also updates CJCI’s mark pages, so we don’t count those pairs as two sources. Where only one independent source supports a mark’s dates, the mark is flagged.

Our rule is two independent sources for every date. Of 197 marks, 87 have two or more; the other 110 carry a “one source” flag and stay out of the tool and the cheat sheet. Many collector pages repeat the same few books, so we note where sources are not independent. We don’t put values on anything.

The directory was link-checked on October 6, 2026: 32 addresses answered, and 11 old resources are gone, listed with an archived copy where one exists.

Sources

  1. PrimaryTrifari, Krussman & Fishel, Inc. v. Charel Co., Inc., 134 F. Supp. 551 (S.D.N.Y., Sept. 28, 1955), opinion of Judge Bicks, via Caselaw Access Project. static.case.law
  2. SecondaryRobin Deutsch, "Foiling the Style Pirates: Costume Jewelry Exclusives, Patents and Copyrights," Costume Jewelry Collectors International. costumejewelrycollectors.com
  3. Secondary"Tools for Dating Vintage Costume Jewelry," Costume Jewelry Collectors International. costumejewelrycollectors.com
  4. PrimaryTrademark Act of 1946 (Lanham Act), Act of July 5, 1946, ch. 540, 60 Stat. 427, secs. 29 and 46(a). govinfo.gov
  5. Primary15 U.S. Code § 1051, notes (effective date of the 1946 Act), Cornell Legal Information Institute. law.cornell.edu
  6. Primary15 U.S. Code § 1111, Notice of registration, Cornell Legal Information Institute. law.cornell.edu
  7. SecondaryMary Ann Docktor-Smith, "Jewelry Manufacturing Concepts, Part I," Costume Jewelry Collectors International. costumejewelrycollectors.com
  8. Secondary"Costume jewelry," Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org
  9. Secondary"Simple War Styles Bring Increased Demand for Costume Jewelry; New Materials Used" (New York Times, 1943), reproduced by Costume Jewelry Collectors International. costumejewelrycollectors.com
  10. PrimaryOffice of the Historian, "A Guide to the United States' History of Recognition, Diplomatic, and Consular Relations, by Country: Germany". history.state.gov
  11. Secondary"West Germany," Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org
  12. PrimaryU.S. Customs Service, ruling HQ 734741 (Nov. 25, 1992), country of origin marking, "Germany"/"West Germany". rulings.cbp.gov
  13. PrimaryOffice of the Historian, "… by Country: Czechoslovakia". history.state.gov
  14. PrimaryU.S. Customs Service, ruling HQ 735099 (Sept. 20, 1993), marking of drill bits from the Czech Republic. rulings.cbp.gov
  15. PrimaryOffice of the Historian, "… by Country: Japan". history.state.gov
  16. Secondary"Occupation of Japan," Wikipedia. en.wikipedia.org
  17. PrimaryCBP Dec. 20-15, "Country of Origin Marking of Products of Hong Kong," 85 FR 48551 (Aug. 11, 2020). govinfo.gov
  18. PrimaryCBP, "Frequently Asked Questions – Guidance on Marking of Goods of Hong Kong – Executive Order 13936". cbp.gov
  19. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, TRIFARI, serial 71401626, reg. 357174. tsdr.uspto.gov
  20. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, TRIFARI (crown design), serial 71532381, reg. 508951. tsdr.uspto.gov
  21. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, JEWELS BY TRIFARI, serial 71532383, reg. 506467. tsdr.uspto.gov
  22. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, TRIFARI, serial 71675448. tsdr.uspto.gov
  23. SecondaryResearching Costume Jewelry – T: Trifari. costumejewelrycollectors.com
  24. SecondaryTrifari Maker's Marks and Trademarks. demarctreasures.com
  25. SecondaryHow to Identify Trifari Jewellery. gadelles.com
  26. SecondaryVintage Trifari Jewelry (category article). collectorsweekly.com
  27. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, MONET, serial 72109807, reg. 719979. tsdr.uspto.gov
  28. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, MONET, serial 73300467, reg. 1209655. tsdr.uspto.gov
  29. SecondaryResearching Costume Jewelry – M: Monocraft Products Co.. costumejewelrycollectors.com
  30. SecondaryVintage Jewellery Collectors Guide – Monet. jaggedmetal.com
  31. SecondaryMonet Jewelers Rediscovered (Pamela Wiggins Siegel). antiquetrader.com
  32. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, CORO, serial 71129049, reg. 141099. tsdr.uspto.gov
  33. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, CORO (Pegasus design), serial 71489900, reg. 427417. tsdr.uspto.gov
  34. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, CORO CRAFT (Pegasus design), serial 71489901, reg. 428993. tsdr.uspto.gov
  35. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, CORO CRAFT (stylized), serial 71447094, reg. 393183. tsdr.uspto.gov
  36. SecondaryCoro, Corocraft & Vendome Makers Marks and Trademarks (transcribed USPTO records). demarctreasures.com
  37. SecondaryAll Things Coro, Corocraft and Vendome. demarctreasures.com
  38. SecondaryThe History and Marks of Coro Jewelry. costumejewelrycollectors.com
  39. SecondaryCohn & Rosenberger, Inc. (Keystone/Jewelers' Circular directory listings). langantiques.com
  40. SecondaryDiscover Coro Costume Jewelry (Pamela Wiggins Siegel). antiquetrader.com
  41. SecondaryVendome Jewelry: Elegantly Yours (Pamela Wiggins Siegel). antiquetrader.com
  42. SecondaryVintage Coro Jewelry (category article). collectorsweekly.com
  43. SecondaryResearching Costume Jewelry – N: Napier. costumejewelrycollectors.com
  44. SecondaryNapier Co. (Keystone directory listings). langantiques.com
  45. SecondaryDiscovering Napier Jewelry of the 1920s (Pamela Wiggins Siegel). antiquetrader.com
  46. SecondaryFor the Love of 1950s Napier Jewelry (Pamela Wiggins Siegel). antiquetrader.com
  47. SecondaryNapier Company (jewellery). en.wikipedia.org
  48. SecondaryResearching Costume Jewelry – C: Coventry, Sarah. costumejewelrycollectors.com
  49. SecondarySarah Coventry. en.wikipedia.org
  50. SecondaryVintage Sarah Coventry Jewelry (category article). collectorsweekly.com
  51. SecondaryAll That Glittered: The Rise and Fall of Sarah Coventry Inc.. lifeinthefingerlakes.com
  52. SecondaryResearching Costume Jewelry – E: Eisenberg. costumejewelrycollectors.com
  53. SecondaryCollecting Eisenberg Jewelry Basics (Pamela Wiggins Siegel). antiquetrader.com
  54. SecondaryEisenberg Costume Jewellery: A Guide. aroundtheblock.com
  55. SecondaryVintage Eisenberg Jewelry (category article). collectorsweekly.com
  56. SecondaryEisenberg Jewelry Inc. (Keystone directory listing). langantiques.com
  57. SecondaryResearching Costume Jewelry – K: Kramer. costumejewelrycollectors.com
  58. SecondaryThe Diamond Look by Kramer (Pamela Wiggins Siegel). antiquetrader.com
  59. SecondaryKramer of New York. en.wikipedia.org
  60. SecondaryVintage Kramer Jewelry (category article). collectorsweekly.com
  61. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, HOBE, Serial 73207007, Reg. 1149751.. tsdr.uspto.gov
  62. SecondaryCostume Jewelry Collectors Int'l, "Researching Costume Jewelry History, Companies and Signatures – H.". costumejewelrycollectors.com
  63. SecondaryMorning Glory Jewelry & Antiques, "Jewelry Marks and Dates: E through M.". morninggloryjewelry.com
  64. SecondaryPamela Wiggins Siegel, "The Legendary Splendor of Hobé Jewelry," Antique Trader.. antiquetrader.com
  65. SecondaryCJCI, "Researching Costume Jewelry History, Companies and Signatures – S.". costumejewelrycollectors.com
  66. SecondaryAround The Block, "A Collector's Guide to Vintage Schiaparelli Jewellery.". aroundtheblock.com
  67. SecondaryPamela Wiggins Siegel, "The 'Shocking' Costume Jewelry of Elsa Schiaparelli," Antique Trader.. antiquetrader.com
  68. SecondaryCJCI, "Researching Costume Jewelry History, Companies, Signatures – B.". costumejewelrycollectors.com
  69. SecondaryMorning Glory Jewelry & Antiques, "Jewelry Marks and Dates: A through D.". morninggloryjewelry.com
  70. SecondaryPamela Wiggins Siegel, "Why Boucher is Among the Best in Costume Jewelry," Antique Trader.. antiquetrader.com
  71. SecondaryLang Antiques, Antique Jewelry University, "Boucher et Cie, Marcel.". langantiques.com
  72. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, BOUCHER, Serial 73510460, Reg. 1371245.. tsdr.uspto.gov
  73. SecondaryCJCI, RCJ – A (AVON of Belleville).. costumejewelrycollectors.com
  74. SecondaryJane Daisy, "Avon" designer history (text quoted from a Collectors Weekly guide).. janedaisy.com
  75. SecondaryCharm Chatter, "Sarah Coventry and Emmons Jewelry Companies – A Family Affair.". charmchatter.com
  76. SecondaryRM Antiques, "Hollycraft.". rm-antiques.com
  77. SecondaryPamela Wiggins Siegel, "The Dazzling History of Hollycraft Costume Jewelry," Antique Trader.. antiquetrader.com
  78. SecondaryCJCI, "Researching Costume Jewelry History, Companies and Signatures – L.". costumejewelrycollectors.com
  79. SecondaryPamela Wiggins Siegel, "Shamelessly, Kenneth Jay Lane Jewelry," Antique Trader.. antiquetrader.com
  80. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, KENNETH JAY LANE, Serial 75360784, Reg. 2208711.. tsdr.uspto.gov
  81. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, KENNETH LANE, Serial 73776178, Reg. 1557877.. tsdr.uspto.gov
  82. SecondaryCJCI, "Researching Costume Jewelry History, Companies and Signatures – J.". costumejewelrycollectors.com
  83. SecondaryMorning Glory Jewelry & Antiques, "Joseff of Hollywood" (quoting Ginger Moro).. morninggloryjewelry.com
  84. SecondaryPamela Wiggins Siegel, "Joseff of Hollywood," Antique Trader.. antiquetrader.com
  85. SecondaryCJCI, "Researching Costume Jewelry History, Companies and Signatures – F.". costumejewelrycollectors.com
  86. SecondaryCollectors Weekly, "Vintage Florenza Jewelry.". collectorsweekly.com
  87. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, FLORENZA, Serial 72006390, Reg. 635564.. tsdr.uspto.gov
  88. SecondaryGadelles Vintage Costume Jewellery, "ART.". gadelles.com
  89. SecondaryJewelry ID, "New York Jeweler Arthur Pepper.". jlryid.com
  90. SecondaryCarol Speake, 'Vintage Jewelry-BSK', The Antique Loft. theantiqueloft.com
  91. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, BSK, serial 72438999, reg. 966035. tsdr.uspto.gov
  92. SecondaryTrademarkia transcription of USPTO record 72438999. trademarkia.com
  93. SecondaryMorning Glory Jewelry & Antiques, 'Carnegie' reference page. morninggloryjewelry.com
  94. SecondaryPamela Wiggins Siegel, 'Hattie Carnegie Costume Jewelry', Antique Trader. antiquetrader.com
  95. SecondaryVintage Fashion Guild, Label Resource: Carnegie, Hattie. vintagefashionguild.org
  96. SecondaryWikipedia, 'Hattie Carnegie'. en.wikipedia.org
  97. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, MARVELLA, serial 71555126, reg. 526540. tsdr.uspto.gov
  98. SecondaryTrademarkia transcription of USPTO record 71555126. trademarkia.com
  99. SecondaryEnchanted Learning, 'Marvella' (jewelry dictionary). enchantedlearning.com
  100. SecondaryLang Antiques, Antique Jewelry University, Maker's Marks: Weinreich Bros. Co.. langantiques.com
  101. SecondaryEverything About Vintage Costume Jewelry (Wikidot), 'Marvella'. vintagejewelry.wikidot.com
  102. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, DANECRAFT, serial 71408272, reg. 363309. tsdr.uspto.gov
  103. SecondaryTrademarkia transcription of USPTO record 71408272. trademarkia.com
  104. SecondaryCostume Jewelry Collectors Int'l, RCJ 'D'. costumejewelrycollectors.com
  105. SecondaryLang Antiques, Antique Jewelry University, Maker's Marks: Felch & Co. Inc.. langantiques.com
  106. Secondary'James Felch – Founder of Danecraft Jewelry Brand', Jewelry ID. jlryid.com
  107. SecondaryDanecraft, 'History' (company site). danecraft.com
  108. SecondaryPamela Wiggins Siegel, 'Castlecliff: The Talked-About Jewelry', Antique Trader. antiquetrader.com
  109. SecondaryLang Antiques, Antique Jewelry University, Maker's Marks: Castlecliff Inc.. langantiques.com
  110. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, CASTLECLIFF, serial 87225434, reg. 5356342. tsdr.uspto.gov
  111. SecondaryTrademarkia transcription of USPTO record 87225434. trademarkia.com
  112. SecondaryPamela Wiggins Siegel, 'Jomaz Jewelry: Beauty Beyond Mazer', Antique Trader. antiquetrader.com
  113. SecondaryLang Antiques, Antique Jewelry University, Maker's Marks: Mazer & Co. Inc., Joseph J.. langantiques.com
  114. SecondaryCostume Jewelry Collectors Int'l, RCJ 'R'. costumejewelrycollectors.com
  115. SecondaryMorning Glory Jewelry & Antiques, 'Regency' reference page. morninggloryjewelry.com
  116. Secondary'Vintage Beau – Beaucraft Charms', Charm Chatter. charmchatter.com
  117. PrimaryUSPTO TSDR, BEAUCRAFT, serial 72134436, reg. 741284. tsdr.uspto.gov
  118. SecondaryTrademarkia transcription of USPTO record 72134436. trademarkia.com
  119. SecondaryTrademarkia transcription of USPTO record 98213354. trademarkia.com
  120. SecondaryCostume Jewelry Collectors Int'l, RCJ 'W'. costumejewelrycollectors.com
  121. SecondaryLang Antiques, Antique Jewelry University, Maker's Marks: Whiting & Davis Co.. langantiques.com
  122. SecondaryVintage Fashion Guild, Label Resource: Whiting & Davis. vintagefashionguild.org
  123. SecondaryBag Lady University, 'Whiting & Davis Co.'. bagladyemporium.com
  124. Secondary'A Complete History Of Whiting & Davis', The Vintage Compact Shop. thevintagecompactshop.com
  125. SecondaryCostume Jewelry Collectors Int'l, 'Identifying DeLizza & Elster (Juliana) Jewelry 101'. costumejewelrycollectors.com
  126. SecondaryMorning Glory Jewelry & Antiques, 'Juliana' reference page. morninggloryjewelry.com
  127. SecondaryVintage Lisner Jewelry (category article). collectorsweekly.com
  128. SecondaryA Weiss Deception. antique-jewelry-investor.com
  129. SecondaryAuthenticating Miriam Haskell Jewellery. veryvintage.com
  130. SecondaryMiriam Haskell Jewelry (Pamela Wiggins Siegel). antiquetrader.com
  131. SecondaryMiriam Haskell. en.wikipedia.org
  132. SecondaryVintage Weiss Jewelry (category article). collectorsweekly.com
  133. Primary15 U.S. Code § 297, Stamping plated articles; trademark requirement, Cornell Legal Information Institute. law.cornell.edu
  134. PrimaryUSPTO Patent Technology Monitoring Team, "Table of Issue Years and Patent Numbers, for Selected Document Types Issued Since 1836" (archived copy of uspto.gov page, captured 2026-01-22). web.archive.org
  135. SecondaryMichael White, "U.S. Patent Number Guide" (Queen's University Engineering and Science Library, 2008), hosted by the Patent and Trademark Resource Centers Association. ptrca.org
  136. PrimaryOffice of the Historian, "… by Country: China". history.state.gov

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